Aesthetical Study of Patterns and Forms in the Metalworks during Seljuk Dynasty
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i3.946Keywords:
Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk metalwork, Traditional Aesthetics, Figure, Form.Abstract
One of the brightest periods of Iranian art begins with the entrance of the Seljuk dynasty in the land. Metalwork and particularly the use of statues, gold and silver faces restrictions in the Islamic society which have influenced the basis of Seljuk traditional aesthetics. Metalwork is worth to be studied in order to understand basis of aesthetics of Seljuk figures and forms.
This study has chosen twenty samples of metal works from Seljuk and Sasanid eras to get to know the aesthetic principles of Seljuk metalwork. Another inquiry of the paper is to grasp the differences between the metalwork of this era and pre-Islamic period. Research method has been a historical-descriptive and analytic-comparative one. The results show that tribal traditions rules Iranian-Islamic Seljuk metalwork and Islamic tradition has obtained the most frequency after comparisons were implemented. Used metals by the Seljuk respectively are silver, bronze, brass and copper. Construction and decoration techniques include chasing, [casting, engraving, niello (with equal statistics)], inlaying, hammering, [embossing and open working]. Decorative figures include [floral and geometric figures along with inscriptions], animal, legendary and human figures.
References
Agadzhanov, Sergei (2004).”City, Commerce and artisans in the era of Seljuk“. Translation: Lugman Baymatov, Monthly science and technology book, 80 and 81.
Azhand, Yaghoub (2009). “Principle of Vagh in Persian painting”, Fine arts, 15.
Burckhardt, Titus (2013). Sacred arts (principles and methods); translated by jalal sattari, seventh edition, Tehran: Soroush.
Carboni, Stefano (1997). Following the Stars: image of the Zodiac in Islamic Art; New York: Published by the metro politan Museum of Art.
Cattelli, Margarita & Hambis, Louis (2013). Seljuk art and Al-Khwarizmi; translated by Yaghoub Azhand, third edition, Tehran: Molla.
Demand, Maurice Sven (2004). Islamic industry Guide; translated by Abdullah Faryar, First Edition, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural publishing company.
Ehsani, Muhammad Taghi (2007). Seven Thousand years of metalworks art in Iran; third edition, Tehran: scientific and cultural publishing company.
Ettinghausen, Richard (1997). “Persian art in Seljuk period”, translated by yaghoub Azhand, Kayhan Farhang, 139.
Ferrier, R. W. (1995). Iran’s Arts; translated by Parviz Marzban, First edition, Tehran: Farzanrouz.
Forouzani, Seyed Abolghasem (2014). Seljuk from begining to the end; First edition, Tehran: Samt.
Ghazali Tusi, Abu Hamid Muhammad (2000). The alchemy of happiness; by Hossein Khadivjam, Volume 1, Ninth edition, Tehran: Scientific and cultural publishing Company.
Hall, James (2000). Logs culture of Symbols in the art of east and west; translation by Roghayeh Behzadi, First Edition, Tehran: Farhang Moaser.
Heydar Abadian, Shahram & Abbasifard, Farnaz (2009). Islamic metalwork art; First edition, Tehran: Sobhan Nour.
Irwin Robert (2009). Islamic Art; translated by Roya Azadfar, first edition, Tehran: Soureh Mehr publishing.
Jalali, Gholamreza (2004). “Five theological school of the Seljuk era, challenges and approaches“, Mishkat, 84 and 85.
Janson, H. W. (2016). Art history; translated by Parviz Mazlum, First edition, Tehran: Islamic revolution Publications and training organization(Former Franklin Publishing).
Kuhnel, Ernst (1997). Islamic art, translated by Yaghoub Azhand, First Edition, Tehran: Molla.
Lakpour, Simin (1996). Sefid Ruy; First edition, Tehran: Cultural heritage organization.
Lambton, Ann K. S. (2012). Survey of the history of Iran after Islam; translation by Yaghoub Azhand, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Lambton, Ann (1997). Continuity and change in the Middle history of Iran; translated by Yaghub Azhand, Third edition, Tehran: Ney.
Madadpour, Muhammad (1995). Manifestation of spiritual philosophy in Islamic art; First edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Melikian – Chirvani, Assadullah Souren(1982). Islamic metalwork from the Iranian world 8th-18th centuries, London: HMSO.
Morgan, David (1994). Iran in the Middle Ages 1040-1797; translation by Abbas Mokhber, First edition, Tehran: Tarh Now.
Muhammad Hassan, Zaki (1998). Iran’s Art in Islamic times; translation by Muhammad Ebrahim Eghlidi, First Edition, Tehran: Sedaye Mohajer.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1996). Islamic Art and Sprituality; translation by Rahim Ghasemian, First Edition, Tehran: Religious art studies.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2000). “Religious art, traditional art, Sacred art”; Secrets of religious art, Mahdi Firuzan, First edition, Tehran: Soroush.
Omar, Muhammad Soheil (2000) ”Islamic art“, Secrets of religious art, Mahdi Forouzan, First edition, Tehran: Soroush.
Pope, Arthur Upham & Ackerman, Phyllis (2008). A travel in Iran’s art from prehistoric to the present day; Edition under supervision of Sirus Parham , volume 6-volume 13, first edition, Tehran: scientific and cultural publishing company.
Pope, Arthur Upham (2000). Iran’s Art masterpieces; translated by Parviz Natel khanlari, second Edition, Tehran: Scientific and cultural publishing company.
Rahnavard Zarhra (2006). Philosophy of Islamic art; Fourth Edition, Tehran: Samt.
Sarraf, Morteza (1991). Gentelman Epistles including Seven Fotovatnameh; First edition, Tehran: Iranology association of France and Moein publications.
Sattarzadeh, Maliheh (2005). Seljuk ( 431 – 590 H.Q ); First edition, Tehran: Samt.
Spuler, Bertold (1985). The history of Iran in the early centuries of Islam; translated by Maryam Mirahmadi, volume2, First edition, Tehran: scientific and cultural publishing company.
Taherinia, Farzaneh (2014). Study on place and application of Kufi calligraphy in Seljuk metalworks of Iran; MA thesis handicraft course, Faculty of arts, Art University.
Talbot Rice, David (1996). Islamic Art; translated by Mahmalek Bahar, First Edition, Tehran: Scientific and cultural publishing company.
Taragan, Hana (2005). The “Speaking“ Inkwell from Khorasan: object as “World“ in Iranian Medieval Metalwork“, Muqarnas, Book 22.
Vafaie, Samaneh (2015). Ergonomic Function and form Study of handles in Seljuk metal containers and construction of Multifunctional inspired jewelry; MA thesis handicraft course, Faculty of arts, Alzahra University.
Wilson, Eva (2011). Islamic Designs; translation by Muhammad Reza Riyazi, Seventh Edition, Tehran: Samt.
Zamani, Abbas (1973). “Arabesque and Islamic Design in historical-Islamic Iran’s work”, Art and people, Volume 11, 126.
Zamani, Abbas (1976). The influence of Sasanid art in Islamic art; First edition, Tehran: head office of the writing of the ministry of culture and Art.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
All papers licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 CC-BY.- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
