The Rise of Armenian Historiography in the Late Antiquity: Mythology and History / Geç Antik Çağda Ermeni Tarihçiliğinin Yükselişi: Mitoloji ve Tarih

Authors

  • İlhami Tekin Cinemre Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Literature, History Department

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v8i2.2123

Keywords:

Armenian historiography, Armenians in the late antiquity, Armenia, Agathangelos, Pawstos Buzand, Movses Khorenatsi, Ermeni tarihçiliği, Geç antik çağda Ermeniler, Movses Khorenatsi.

Abstract

Abstract

The Iranian civilization, which was the basis of the Armenian culture until the Conversion to Christianity, was far from the historiographic tradition in comparison to Greeks and Romans even if they portrayed their own history by means of reliefs. In this respect, there is a cultural affinity between the absence of historiography before Christianity in the Armenian society and the absence of the literary tradition in pre-Islamic Iran. However, this cultural relationship, which lasted until the fourth century, modified after the adoption of Christianity by the Armenians and caused to emerge the idea of historiography among the Armenians. Thus, there is a parallel between the beginning of the custom of historiography and the acceptance of Christianity in the Armenian society.

The general structure of the Armenian historiography, originally based on patristic roots, was shaped after the Battle of Vartanants (Avarayr) in 451 and turned into an ideological struggle for Armenians. This idea shows that the Armenians tend to create historical depth and common destiny in the late antiquity. Following this, the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and the arrival of Muslims to the world of Armenians naturally opened a new era in Armenian historiography. This period was built directly on the idea of “opposition” and “other”.

This study aims to establish a direct connection between the acceptance of Christianity by Armenians and the start of historiography tradition by the intellectual Armenians and examine the reasons why historiography flourished for Armenians.

Öz

Hıristiyanlığın kabulüne kadar Ermeni kültürünün temelini oluşturan İran medeniyeti daha çok rölyefler üzerinden geçmişi resmederek kitabî tarih yazım geleneğinden Yunan ve Romalılara nispetle uzak kalmıştır. Bu açıdan İranlıların derin izlerini taşıyan Ermeni toplumunda Hıristiyanlıktan önce tarih yazıcılığının olmaması ile İslamiyet öncesi İran’da tarih yazım geleneğinin geniş tabanda karşılık bulamaması arasında kültürel bir yakınlık göze çarpmaktadır. IV. yüzyıla kadar devam eden bu kültürel ilişki, Hıristiyanlığın Ermeniler tarafından benimsenmesinin ardından değişmiş ve bu durum tarih yazıcılığının zamanla Ermeniler arasında başlamasına yol açmıştır. Bu yüzden Ermeni toplumunda tarih yazım geleneğinin yaygınlaşması ile Ermenilerin Hıristiyanlığı kabul etmeleri arasında bir paralellik söz konusudur.

Patristik kökene dayanan Ermeni tarihçiliğinin genel yapısı 451 yılındaki Vartanants (Avarayr) savaşından sonra şekillenerek ideolojik bir mücadeleye dönüşmüştür. Bu yaklaşım eski çağ Ermeni yazarlarının tarihsel derinlik ve ortak kader bilinci oluşturma niyetinde olduklarının açık bir göstergesidir. Sonraki yüzyıllarda Sâsânîlerin çöküşü ve Müslümanların Ermenilerin görüş alanına girmesi ise doğal olarak Ermeni tarihçiliğinde yeni bir dönem başlatmıştır. Bu dönemin temel prensibi de doğrudan “karşıt” ve “öteki” düşünceleri üzerine inşa edilmiş olmasıdır.

Bu çalışma, Hıristiyanlığın Ermeniler tarafından kabul edilmesi ve entelektüel Ermeniler tarafından tarih yazımı geleneğinin başlatılması arasında doğrudan bir bağ kurmayı ve tarihçiliğin Ermeniler arasında Hıristiyanlık üzerinden nasıl geliştiğini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

Ancient Sources

Agathangelos (1976). History of the Armenians, Trans. Robert W. Thomson, State University of New York Press, Albany.

Aristakes Lastiverttsi (1973). Récit des Malheurs de la Nation Arménienne, Ed. Karen Yuzbashian, Éditions de Byzantion, bd de L’Empereur, Bruxelles.

Elishe Elishe (1982). History of Vardan and the Armenian War, (Trans. Robert W. Thomson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; MA; London.

Euseb. HE, Eusebius (2001). The Ecclesiastical History, Trans. K. Lake, Vol, I-II, Harvard University Press, London.

Kartlis Cxovreba (1849). in; Histoire de la Géorgie: Depuis l’Antiquité Jusqu’au XIXe Siècle, Trans. Marie-Félicité Brosset, Imprimerie de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, S.-Pétersbourg.

Kirakos Ganjaketsi (1870). Kiracos de Gantzac: Xiiie S., Histoire d’Armenie, Trans. Marie-Félicité Brosset, MM. Eggers & Comp, St. Petersburg.

Koryun Koryun (1985). Vark Mashtotsi. Trans. Krikor H. Maksoudian, Caravan Books, Delmar; New York.

Lazar Parpetsi (1991). The History of Lazar Parpeci, Trans. Robert W. Thomson, Scholars Press, Atlanta.

Movses Dasxurantsi (1961). The History of the Caucasian Albanians, Trans. Charles J.F. Dowsett, Oxford University Press, London.

Movses Khorenatsi, (1978). History of the Armenians, Trans. Robert W. Thomson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; MA; London.

Nor Bargirk Haykazean Lezui (1836-1837). Ed. Gabriel Awetikean, Khachatur Siwrmelean and Mkrtich Awgerean, Vol. I-II, i Tparani Srboyn Ghazaru, Venice.

Nerses Patmutiwn Srboyn Nersisi Partewi Hayoc Hayrapeti, Généalogie de la Famille de Saint Grégoire Illuminateur de l’Arménie et Vie de Saint Nerses Patriarche des Arméniens (1869). in; Collection des Histories Anciens et Modernes de l’Arménie, Trans. Victor. Langlois, Vol. II, Paris, pp. 21-44.

Pawstos Buzand (1989). The Epic Histories Attributed to Pawstos Buzand, Trans. Nina G. Garsoian, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Sebeos Sebeos (1999). The Armenian History Attibuted to Sebeos, Trans. Robert W. Thomson - J. Howard-Johnston, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.

Stephannos Orbelian (1866). Histoire de la Siounie, Trans. Marie-Félicité Brosset, Vol. I-II, Eggers et Cie, St. Petersburg.

Soz. HE, Sozomenus (1886). The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, in; Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 2, Ed. Philip Schaff, Vol II, Christian Literature Publishing Co, New York, pp. 326-698.

Tovma Artsruni (1985). History of the House of Artsrunik, Trans. Robert W. Thomson, Caravan Books, Detroit.

Yovhannes Mamikonean (1993). The History of Taron, Trans. Levon Avdoyan, Scholars Press, Atlanta.

Modern Literature

Arzoumanian, Z. (1982). A Critique of Sebeos and His History of Heraclius, A Seventh Century Armenian Document, Classical Armenian Culture: Influences and Creativity, Ed. Thomas J. Samuelian, Scholars Press, Chico, pp. 68-78.

Bedoukian, P. Z. (1978). Coinage of the Artaxiads of Armenia, Royal Numismatic Society, London.

Brock, S. P. (1992). Studies in Syriac Christianity: History, Literature and Theology, Variorum, Aldershot.

Cinemre, İ. T. (2014). Moses Khorenatsi ve Ermenilerin Milletleşme Sürecinde Mitolojik Derinlik, Yeni Türkiye, Ermeni Meselesi Özel Sayısı, Vol. LX, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, pp. 212-222.

Eremyan, S. (1963). Hayastane est “Ashxarhacoyc” [“Armenia According to Ashkharhacoyc”]. Haykakan SSR GA Hratarakchutyun, Erevan.

Garsoian, N. N. (1996). The Two Voices of Armenian Mediaeval Historiography: The Iranian Index, Studia Iranica, Vol. XXV/1, Paris, pp. 7-43.

Hairapetian, S. P. (1995). A History of Armenian Literature: From Ancient Times to the Nineteenth Century, Caravan Books, Delmar.

Hewsen, R. H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Hübschmann, H. (1897). Armenische Grammatik, Von Breitkopf & Hartel, Leipzig.

Inglisian, V. (1963). Die Armenische Literatur. Handbuch der Orientalistik, I/7, Leiden; Köln, pp. 156-250.

Kaçar, T. (2013). İlk Ermeni Tarih Yazıcısı Agathangelos ve Rhipsime’nin Çilesi, Tarhan Armağanı, M. Taner Tarhan’a Sunulan Makaleler, Ed. Oğuz Tekin, Mustafa H. Sayar and Erkan Konyar, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 225-232.

Kaçar, T. (2015). Ermeniler Nasıl ve Ne Zaman Hıristiyan Oldu?, XVI. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara: 20-24 Eylül 2010, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler I, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, pp. 245-254.

Nersessian, V. N. (2007). Armenian Christianity, The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity, Ed. Ken Parry, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 23-46.

Norris, F. (2007). Greek Christianities, The Cambridge History of Christianity, Ed. Augustine Casiday and Frederick W. Norris, Vol. II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 70-117.

Rapp, S. H. (2003). Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts, Peeters, Louvain.

Russell, J. R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia, Ed. Richard N. Frye, National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, Cambridge; MA; London.

Russell, J. R. (1994). On the Origins and Invention of Armenian Script, Le Muséon, Revue d’Études Orientales, Vol. 107/3-4, Louvain, pp. 317-333.

Sarkissian, K. (1965). The Council of Chalcedon and the Armenian Church, SPCK, London.

Terian, A. (2005). Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity, The Early Panegyrics on Saint Gregory, Vladimir’s Seminary Press, New York.

The Heritage of Armenian Literature (2000). Ed. Agop J. Hacikyan, et al., Vol. I-III, Wayne State University Press, Detroit.

Thomson, R. W. (1975). The Father in Early Armenian Literature, Studia Patristica, Ed. Elizabeth A. Livingstone, Vol. XII, Berlin, pp. 457-470.

Thomson, R. W. (1980). The Formation of the Armenian Literary Tradition, East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, Ed. Nina G. Garsoian, Thomas F. Mathews and Robert W. Thomson, Washington D.C.

Thomson, R. W. (1981). The Armenian Image in Classical Texts, The Armenian Image in History and Literature, Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, Undena Publications, Malibu, pp. 9-25.

Thomson, R. W. (1995). A Bibliography of Classical Armenian Literature to 1500 AD, Brepols, Turnhout.

Thomson, R. W. (1997). Armenian Literary Culture through the Eleventh Century, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, Vol. I, St. Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 199-239.

Thorossian, H. (1951). Histoire de la Littérature Arménienne, des Origines Jusqu’à nos Jours, H. Thorossian, Paris.

Topchyan, A. (2010). David the Invincible, Commentary on Aristotle’s Prior Analytics, Brill, Leiden.

Toumanoff, C. (1943). Medieval Georgian Historical Literature (VIIth-XVth Centuries), Traditio, Vol. I, pp. 139-182.

Wood, P. (2010). Historiography of the Christian East, Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Ed. Graeme R. Dunphy, Brill, Leiden; Boston, pp. 807-811.

Downloads

Published

2019-06-30

How to Cite

Cinemre, İlhami T. (2019). The Rise of Armenian Historiography in the Late Antiquity: Mythology and History / Geç Antik Çağda Ermeni Tarihçiliğinin Yükselişi: Mitoloji ve Tarih. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 8(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v8i2.2123