Intellectual and Cognitive Effects of Plotinus on the Mystic Philosophical Opinions of Attar and Rumi

The effects and synergies of intellectual and cultural influence are the features undeniable in various nations and civilizations from ancient times until the present day. Schools of thought, ideas and theories of philosophical and mystical in human life, have seen many changes and passed through a development and evolution. Plotinus, one of the philosophers of ancient Greece and founder of the Neo-Platonic philosophy, expressed intellectual and philosophical statements about the existence of human and relationship between man and the Creator of man and the universe. In the culture of Persian mysticism, the thinkers were inspired by the ideas of this Greek scholar and created many works. In this regard, Attar and Rumi as two figures in Islamic-Iranian mysticism affected by the ideas of this outstanding thinker. In this article, we are to distinguish similarities and differences of these three thoughtful ideas with each other in eleven categories: celibacy of spirit, spiritualism, world-aversion and so on.


Introduction
Sufism is not an ad hoc phenomenon; hence, speculation about the origins of its formation is abundant. Some, like Edward Brown consider the Sufism as an Aryan reaction against Semitic religion. They believe that Sufism is anti-Islam and one of the various parties of Aryan race and the Iranians. Some, like von Kramer and Dozi believe that the Hinduism and Buddhism beliefs are effective in it and had searched in "Waddān to" philosophy about it. Some, like Marx and Mack Donald, Asin Pasalyo, and Nicholson consider collective wisdom of the Greeks, especially illumination and neo-Platonic as the source of Sufism. Some have introduced Christianity and spirituality as the Sufism origin. Along with all these ideas, some believe that Sufism is the child of Islam and its teachings.

Literature
The fourth century onwards that scientific mysticism kept the place of Sufism, many of outstanding men in mysticism wrote books about Sufism and mysticism. Including those in Persian language, Abu Uthman Jallab translated the book "Kashf Al-Mahjoob" from Arabic to Persian and Ghaznavi translated the "Resaleh Ghashirieh". The aim of the research in this paper is to prove the issue that, the Muslim mystics from the fifth century became familiar with the Neoplatonic ideas; and Attar and Rumi how much used of this thinking.

Plotinus and his Works
In the middle of the third century AD, when the thought of the Hellenistic culture was sitting reactionary against Christian thinking, and considered the Hermes thinking nothing but a series of secret procedures, and various factors were providing the foundation for the development of the medieval culture construction, to guard the wisdom rule as means of philosophy and truth key, the last major Greek philosopher, Plotinus, stand up and made a philosophical system which in terms of its scope and effectiveness overwhelmed all philosophies, and in line with Aristotle was effective on dynamic growth of the Christian and Islamic philosophers (See Lotfy, 1987: 11). Plotinus, Pluto, or Plotinus (203-270 AD) was born in Lokopolic in Upper Egypt; his language was Greek and he was grown based on Greek culture (Lotfi, 1987(Lotfi, : 1100. His student Porphyry writes about the events of his life: My master shifted to philosophy at 28, and was a student on Alexandria but the presence of that great master's studentship was not 332 useful for him, and thus, to become familiar with Iranian philosophy and Hindi, adopted extensive research field. Together with Grdyanvs emperor who had the determination to march to the Sassanid Iran and Combat Shaporardashirbon, went to Iran. And because of the death of Emperor by Philip the Arab in Mesopotamia fled to Antioch (Khamenei, 2009: 203).
Among the former philosopher Plotinus, was enthralled by Plato, and in metaphysical wisdom followed Aristotle (Ghani, 2004: 100).
Plotinus expressed his philosophical system in his nine categories and the historians of philosophy, because the motif of ontological, the spirit of mystical influenced by Plato, called his Philosophy as Neoplatonic. Also, it is said that philosophy of Plotinus is a combination of philosophies of Plato, Aristotle and Zeno and Mani (Rahmani, 2011: 52).
Socrates and Plato, and Plotinus school differ in terms of that Plotinus took his school of wisdom directly from Iran (like Pythagoras) and that's why he had called Pythagoras Thani (Khamenei, 2001: 199). In the philosophical system of Plotinus, there are three hypostases.
First "unit" that is above and beyond the superior wisdom of the world; second "wisdom" and the third "spirit" or "soul" after them in the lower level of the soul or the nature of the sensible world. And in the last order is material that it is not knowable through reason. The unit is first and extensive. After the unit, it is reasoning as the first original think; and after the wisdom is soul (Lotfi, 1987: 29). Plotinus has seven mystical insights and experiences: 1. The unitary consciousness (pantheistic). 2. Being timeless and placeless. 3. The sense of objectivity or truth. 4. Blissful sense with joyful peace. 5. Feel of holy, sacred or divine experiences. 6. Paradoxically and 7. Ineffability (Stace, 1981: 110-111).

How the Neo-Platonic thought came into the minds of Muslims, especially Sufis and mystics?
The most prominent signs of alien life-giving elements derived from the Greek philosophy is the Christian monasticism that covers virtuous habits. The "Noor-e-Mohammadi" in Sofia is the same as divine spirit that God breathed into Adam. It is the divine word or Logos that according to Christian belief embodied in the prophets. The main figure of Mohammedia is something in contrast to physical appearance of Neoplatonists with their comments about the blessings. They considered the Plotinus unit a non-religious character. Islamic Sufis such as al-Hallaj and al-Ghazali and Ibn-Fariz and Rumi gave religious background to the initial period Sufism (Nicholson, 2003: 92). Thus, Neoplatonic wisdom is affected by the wisdom of Iranian (see Zia Noor, 1990: 91).

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The base of Sufism and mysticism in medieval at West had been the work of Plotinus. Sufism in that era had become a science and philosophy and translation of some Syriac work has led to the development of the Islamic schools (Ghani, 1375: 89-90