Imbalanced Development Challenges of China from 1990 to 2015

China’s economic development surprised the political and economic experts since the last four decades. China obtained a desirable economic development in the world. It also enhanced its position in the international system as a global power. In the late 1970s china’s outstanding growth took place following the political development as well as elites’ movement. The advent of pragmatism and development oriented thought replaced with the ideology-oriented thoughts in this decade. Despite the outstanding achievement in the economic field, China couldn’t strike a balance between politics and economic field as well as its development. Today it has been proven that the industryeconomic development is impressive just by culturalpolitical enhancement, so in this way, it is possible to minimize the advent of crisis and failure. The purpose of the current study is investigating the main challenges toward the one-dimensional development in China. Keyword: Economic development, Balanced development, China, Imbalanced development challenges. 1 M.A Student of Political Sciences, Department of political sciences, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. 2 Ph.D. Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Journal of History Culture and Art Research (ISSN: 2147-0626) Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2017 Revue des Recherches en Histoire Culture et Art Copyright © Karabuk University ةينفلاو ةيفاقثلاو ةيخيراتلا ثوحبلا ةلجم http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr


Introduction
Today, the concept of development is one of the main important issues through the world.
Consideration to the development has two main reasons as the following: the necessity of development and following the global enhancement, on the other hand, it is because of common issues which have been expanded through a lot of communities.At first, the concept of development referred to the single issue, but economic and social elements integrated with each other during a time.Some new concepts such as participation, environment, population and employment were mentioned after this integration.Finally, two main concepts such as environment and democratic aspects have considered by the experts.When the anti-liberation factors eliminate such as: poverty, cruelty, a few economic opportunities, social systematic deprivation and intolerance of oppressive governments the concept of development is determinable.So, the development process depends on the advent of balanced development.
When the parameters of balanced development don't go along with each other, the unbalanced development occurs.Some interior and exterior crises are happened because of the unbalanced development.These crises become an obstacle through the process of development.As an example the unbalanced development in China is a sample of this development.The last few decades, the economic reforms were the most outstanding changes in China.Undoubtedly, China became a global power in the last quarter of the twentieth century.Its remarkable economic growth was also another international event recently.Although China has had an outstanding economic growth, it had some limitations in its way.
The experience of developing and its crises are investigated in the present study.The main issue here is the effects of unbalanced development in China and its crises.Therefore, the main challenging parameters along the continuity of this development are as the following: democracy, free elections, human rights, one-dimensional development, and expansion of the middle-class number, authoritarianism, one party state and environmental problems.The method of the current research is analytic-descriptive.

1.
Theoretical framework 1-1 Balanced development: according to the experts, development is a kind of expression which is more comprehensive than growth and modernization.It also follows specific goals within a specific time.The concept of development includes both quantitative aims as well as qualitative ones (Shirzadi, 2012:18).Therefore, the concept of development refers to the enhancement of life quality on the basis of social welfare, individual freedom, a variety of goods and consumable services (Azad Armaki, 2011: 2-7).In another word, development is defined as an implementing the community production resources in order to improve the lifestyle of people especially the poor ones (Pit &Veek, 2005:15).According to another definition, development can enhance the human freedom and remove the main factors of antiliberation.Some of these parameters are as the following: poverty, cruelty, a few economic opportunities, social systematic deprivation, intolerance of oppressive governments and inattention to the supplying of public facilities.The breach of freedom is influenced by neglecting the civil freedoms and politics among the authoritarianism governments.
Sometimes it happens by providing some limitations for people because of their participation in economy, social and politic activities (Sen, 2015:17-18).All the aspects of life change fundamentally through the process of developing, so we can say it is like a historical passage.
This evolution has a lot of aspects such as cultural, managerial and physical.According to the cultural dimension, a kind of human is created with different cultural attitudes and ideologies.
In fact, a death of one system and creation of a new system is another explanation of development (Azimi, 2014:46).Development is a basic and comprehensive evolution in the recent studies.It must provide both physical and spiritual dimensions of human life.
After the death of Zhou Enlai and Mao in 1976, Dang had enough power and authority in order to achieve the power (Yu Cao, 2006:55) He also was the final judge in order to solve the disagreements such as posts, main responsibilities for the parties and party leaders.However, Deng wasn't a weak leader in order to have an independency like a free broker.He was forced to govern with collective leaderships that were educated under his supervision.They were posted in important positions like secretary-general and premiership.He was also forced to govern with the old politicians of the partisan (Broker, 2009:255).The open-door policy of Deng was based on three main States based on the economic power in less than three decades (Ghanbarlou, 2015:114).The reforms are mainly economic.There were no politic reforms just a little which was needed to reform the economy (Shirzadi, 2006:61).This led to increasing the dissatisfaction of Deng Xiaoping's government in 1989.Orouyl Shel stated in the introduction of "the land of the dragon" book: people were hated of the corruption, nepotism, and discrimination in the all sections of the government.The opposing students crowded in the Tiananmen Square of Beijing and began to protest in order to support the democracy.They asked the prime minister to visit them.After that, about 150 students entered the square on foot or with their bicycles in order to confront with the dictatorship government."Although there is a dictatorship in China, the government believes that there is a democracy here.A lot of people were killed in this event in the Tiananmen Square of Beijing (Pitruza, 2015:98-101).After this terrible event, Deng Xiaoping resigned and the third generation of leaders began to start their work.Their leader was Jiang Zemin.The government approved trillions of Chinese Yuan in order to allocate too many budgets for the ministry of education in 1990.This budget allocated to both research projects and sabbaticals.According to these events, the government eliminated his control and tension on the students' behavior.It also gave them some social freedoms.The government didn't prohibit the female and male students in their relationships.The students' behaviors and their clothes were influenced by the western forms.Pop songs replaced with the revolutionary anthems.The government was determined to implement its propagandas towards the personal issues and finding jobs for students and youths (Verdinekad et al, 2011:299-300).Although the ideological conflicts were such an obstacle for the growth of the economy in the Mao era, the pragmatism of Deng Xiaoping helped this country to remove these conflicts.However, the process of economic reforms stopped when the conflicts of Tiananmen Square led to the military crackdown in 1989.One of the effects of Tiananmen event was the international economic sanctions which led to the degradation of China's economic.At last, it caused changes in the head of Communist Party and the advent of conservatives who were interested in the consistency rather the economic reforms (Philippe Sollers, 2007:37).

2-3 economic-political developments from 1990 to 2015
According to the acts of Deng Xiaoping in 1990, he resigned himself from his status.He was the first ruler of China who resigned voluntarily.The Tiananmen Square event influenced the Deng Xiaoping resignation.Deng was desired to have a regulatory and advisory role in his government.He was never the General Secretary of the Communist Party or the president of the government.But he had these two responsibilities from 1978 until his death.He returned to the politic field in the early of 1992 for the last time.Actually the reforms stagnated and Jiang Zemin was selected as a first secretary of the party.On the other hand, China was encountered with both interior and exterior conflicts.From the viewpoint of exterior conflicts, China was sanctioned and as an interior conflict, some widespread rioting has occurred.Deng travelled to the southern economic pole of China like Shenzhen and Zhuhai which were the two special economic zones.He decided to persuade people with socialism of Chinese specifications.During a time, his travelled became more important than before.His speech also became as a comprehensive plan in the process of policy making in both politics and economic fields.He should consider that those changes will lead to some political claims with unpredictable dimensions.The last project of Deng as a government employee was his travel to the south.Finally he passed away on the 19 th of February in 1997.Jiang Zemin wad powerful enough at the time of Deng's death (Kissinger, 2012:579-591).During the fifteenth session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party Jiang Zemin and after the Deng's death in 1997, Zemin began his governance in China.Jiang Zemin tried to continue the economic reforms during his governance.According to the Tiananmen Square event, the relationship between China and western was so weak, so Jiang Zemin enhanced this relationship.From the viewpoint of interior conditions, he tried to provide the theoretical justification for the events on the basis of Marxist standpoint.He was forced to determine some appropriate proceedings for the social and corruption difficulties.These problems were the results of interior developments as well as the global one.The most positive important aspect of the third generation of political elites was the existence of realistic view in China.In According to its economic growth, China improved its performance better than Germany so it reached the third rank of economic power in the world.The political elites of the fourth generation considered to the economic issue as a first of their priority.The leaders of the fourth generation believed that when China achieves more power, there is no threaten for the neighboring countries and the political arrangement of the world (Verdinejad et al, 2011: 317-325).Actually, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao respected to the heritage-oriented development of Deng as a third and fourth generation symbols.In the three represents theory which is defined as the third generation of manifest of China, the main duty of the party was the development of the economy.Hu Jintao pointed to the scientific concepts as well as the cooperate society.
He focused on the economic development.Apart from the China's leaders visions, considering to the strategic documents of this country, indicates that the economic development was the strategic choice.The economic growth was the outstanding concept through the all strategic documents (Shariatinia, 2010:204) 7,043,000,000,000 dollar which was more than Japan.So China achieved the third rank in the world as an economic power.By developing the economic growth this country will become the United States' rival.The result is its encounter with the economic and politic consequences (Shirzadi & Hosseinkhani, 2009:225).Generally the average rate of growth between 1979 and 1990 increased about 9%.In the late decade of the 1980s and early 1990, many people believed that China must implement the important reformations in order to expand the political space in this country.This idea was because of the stress in the political space of the country as well as the international position after the Tiananmen Square event.
However during the 1990 and 2010, the average rate of economic growth increased more than 10%.China became the second power of the world during this period.The growth investment of the United States' companies increased in China which was more than 30 milliard dollars.
Although China encountered with different challenges after the Tiananmen Square event, could achieve outstanding results.The amount of gross domestic product increased to 8,855 Yuan.Also the amount of average annual growth rate reached 10%.The amount of growth in the industrial section, increased to 13.7% in the 1990s meanwhile this amount was 11% in the previous decade.This section's contribution in the gross domestic product reached 50% in

Development challenges in China
These challenges are divided into two parts: interior and exterior.In the first section the interiorchallenges are investigated and in the second part the external challenges in relation with the international system are investigated.

3-1 interior challenges
1-1-3 single part government, Confucianism and authoritarianism: The scholars believe that the traditional Confucius is against democracy.Here is a discussion about the intermediate element which allows the China's policy to enhance its social history.
The existence of qualified system doesn't create democracy.The existence of qualified colonels in the modern military doesn't mean its democracy.The Confucianism thought, emphasizes on the group concept against an individual, power against the freedom and responsibility against the right.There isn't any right for an individual against the government in the Confucian societies.In these societies the prior concept is respecting the values as well as the hierarchies.In the Confucian ritual the government and the society are combined with each other and there is no legitimation for independent entities.There isn't any separation among profane, holiness, spiritual and physical concepts in the traditional China.In the Chinese Confucian the political legitimation is related to the edict of God.There is also no limitation on the power because power and behavior are the same.There isn't possibility for the power to incline to the corruption so a need of investigation and monitoring for the power.
Therefore the Confucian societies don't have any compliance with the democracy (Huntington, 2013:331-338).The Second World War led to removing the fascism systems as well as the governance of the communist party of dictatorships.A powerful political party appointed for the leadership of modern dictatorships.These dictatorships settled down through the Northern Korea, China and Eastern Europe.In these dictatorships the political goals continued in a long-term and indefinite position (Broker, 2009:26-30).On the other hand, the level of political development is imbalanced with the economic development.
Actually, when China implemented reforms as well as the open-doors policy, its economic development increased.This country had dominated by the one-party state.However this led to some crises in this country.The existence of inconsistency among the economic and social development with the political development lead to some considerations to the communist party and even the territorial integrity.According to the one-party state policy, the one-party tries to support people on the basis of its profits with the adoptable policies.The rulers of authoritarianism systems think that people don't have any competency in order to comment on the political affairs.The suppressive features of these states create some disadvantageous for different sections of the civil society (Seifzadeh, 2013: 50-51).It can be concluded that one-party states are not able to have a democracy method in their government.It is because of having high differences between the ideological concepts and the power structure.Although the concept of competition is one of the main indexes of the democracy, there is no competition in these systems.Also in these systems, just one state acts lawful and other rivals may remove or eliminate (Bashirieh, 2013: 150-151).As a result, China had been developed because of the exploitative entities.According to the above discussion, there is no possibility of the growth persistent in this country, unless some political transformations go through the comprehensive entities (Oghlou & Rabinson, 2014:207).

3-1-2 economic corruption
The political elites of the fifth generation acquired the power in the November of 2012.Their leader was Xi Jinping.They couldn't govern the country without any consideration to different fields of evolutions such as social, political and economy.They tried to keep the Legitimacy of their country by the following acts: providing the social freedoms, the conflict against the corruption and giving insurance to the stability of the economic development.So the elites of the fifth generation stated that their main statement is fighting with the economic corruption.Some events increased in this period such as: air pollution, the undesirable material in the foods, train accidents and damages of the bridges.About eight bridges damages through 18 months (2011)(2012).The reason of this lawless was the government's corruption by the statement of people.They believed that the non-competency of the government and its officials is the main reason of this lawless.Xi Jinping and his friends tried to control and eliminate the corruption.On the 7 th of October in 2013, about 59 persons of senior officials of the country were condemned and some of them were condemned to a life imprisonment because of frauds in foods (Olameefar, 2015:148).Hu Jintao presented a speech as a secretary-general about the social discriminations in 2002.He also presented another speech in the Yiwu poor village on the sixth of December in 2002 as the following statement: the officials must concentrate on the poor people and avoid of becoming rich.He stated that the process of achieving our goals depends on our efforts.China's government tried to penalize those officials who committed embezzlement and other kinds of corruptions.
In 2007 the government accepted that they were wrong among their biggest project.The process of building the Three Gorges Dam which was on the Yangtze River completed in 2006.The purposes of building this dam are as the following: controlling the seasonal floods and creating a profitable power supply for the environment, but it wasn't effective because it led to immigrate four million people.There were some problems after the completion of this dam such as: landslide and problems about the quality of water (Azkan, 2009:106-107).Law doesn't have any important role in the government of China.Therefore this weakness led to political corruption, financial trade and inappropriate allocation of investment funds.The goals in the production entities of China.New York Times published that the property of Wen Jiabao's family was at least 2.7 milliard dollars.China had the most important role for illegal capital outflow with the value of 3.8 trillion dollars between 2001 and 2010.According to the report of the entity against the government corruption about 106 thousands of officials were guilty because of the corruption (Murison, 2016:191-192).Jiang Zemin believes that the powerful parties dissolved because of non-consideration to the conditions.They didn't pay attention to their corruptions and never accounted any right for people.The communist party has an absolute power in the country.When the fifth generation of elites got power in the government numerous of them were punished because of the economic corruptions.It was very clear because a variety of magazines and newspapers were adding new names and persons to their lists every day (Olamaeefar, 2015: 149-154).Bureaucracy is also immoral and ineffective.About 1.5 million embezzlement files were in China in 1995.The majority of those files were related to the low levels of officials in the government.There is no legal sentence for those rich people who embezzle over million Yuan.Therefore the children of senior officials like politic, economy and military ones.They called themselves a princess in the country.They also have an important role in the corruption of the country.governmentalcommunications are the most impressive factor in the process of achieving

3-1-table of results: corruption perception index 2015
The above table illustrates the undesirable position of China from the viewpoint of administrative corruption.

3-1-3 human rights / civil rights
The definition of human right refers to moral principles or norms which describe certain standards of human behavior.This definition is expanded to the human rights in the society rather than natural rights (Bashirieh, 2013:44-47).This country doesn't have any consideration to the human rights and democracy as well.China has a poor population so it led to some limitation in the financial resources of the government.It also influences the development of the country and enhances the social conflicts.The limitation of power in the local economy was another effect of these conflicts.International conflicts, civil disputes, unreasonable politic procedures, terrorism and prevalence of diseases are the main factors which are difficult to predict.These events have destructive effects in the country.Finally China's economic boom has unpredictable events for the global environment (Hinz, 2011:308-309).

3-1-4 middle class
The middle class can enhance the political development in the country.Democracy is a reaction to the social riots and threats of revolutionaries.The middle class is responsible for the development of political issues and revolutionary movements.Generally, the most leaders of the revolutionary movements are from the middle class.The serious challenges against the political regimes took place by the middle class.The middle class is able to enhance the democratization process in companion with the better welfare conditions and high education (Oghlu & Rabinson, 2015:81-82).The communist party is encountered with a serious problem nowadays.This party must continue the process of liberalization in order to keep the social consistency of China.On the other hand, over millions of people got independent because of the market reforms.Therefore the middle class had some demands such as freedom and political representation.The communist party of China inclines to keep the political power but liberalization causes some weakness in this process.Meanwhile the lack of this liberalization leads to the reduction of growth and instability as well.The creation of pluralism is influenced by liberalization (Labibi, 2008: 267-268).The new middle class includes industrialists, investors and merchants.These people not only participate in the economic acts but also follow their interests by applying pressure in the political field (Geel, 2015:28).The concern of this party is the fast economic growth of the middle class.The middle class has reached a desired degree of the economic growth.This class of the society is also familiar with the indexes of citizenship rights and wish to have a life with a better quality.In addition to local reforms, the open doors policy of the government has an important role in the political maturity of Chinese people.The Tiananmen Square protests were a symbol of this transformation in China.The middle age is aware of its situation nowadays.Using the internet and other social networks are also developing increasingly.
Although the government of China prepared a specific police force in order to control the exchange of information, the internet is a source of discontent and intellectual differences (Ghanbarlou, 2015:104-105).

3-1-5 Population
The main problem in the developing countries is the direct relationship between the growth of population and reduction of the per capita.There are many problems which are influenced by the high population density and lack of lands and other natural resources.This process leads the beginning of diminishing returns.The high speed of population growth in the regions with a lower population density causes some events such as: limitations in the rare investing resources, prevention of intensifying the capital and reduction of representing the public services.Therefore the growth of population leads to the reduction of income.The population policies of the communist regimes are different with other countries through the time.China has the most effective grade for controlling the population comparing with other countries.
This policy is similar to the planned procreation (Gilis et al, 2009:309-313).The one child policy was approved in 1979 in China.The officials were a concern of providing foods and economic supplying because the high growth of population.The deputy of the Prime Minister Xien moa stated: the adjustment of procreation is the communist's duty.Those who have more than one child will fine through the government and also deprive of governmental facilities.One of these facilities is free education.Rich people and the members of the politic parties don't consider to this policy (Ozkan, 2009:104-105).This policy has negative effects on the birth of babies, especially female ones.The experts of social reforms and compulsory planning didn't except the negative effects of this program (death of infants especially female infants, female abortion).They just intended to reduce the amount of fertility in China.
Moreover, the officials are forced to find a better solution for this problem (San, 2015:289).A variety of economists believes that the one child policy has influenced the Chinese's economy.For instance, the rate of fertility in China fell down from 5.8 births in 1964 to 1.6 in 2012.The numerous underemployment labors were the most important factor for the economic growth in the past.Today numerous economists believe that China is losing this positive feature.The working-age population in China drops down for three consecutive years.McKinsey Global Institute predicts that the amount of labor in China will decrease as much as one-fifth.This will lead to less rate of economic growth in the future.
The one-child policy led to the stricken the adult in years.China has 180 million people over 60 years old.This will increase up to 240 million in 2020 and 360 million in 2030.This country will encounter a lot of problems such as development of technology, enhancement of elderly care services, improvement the efficiency of workmen (Moorison, 2016:192).

3-1-6 environment
The high speed of economic growth has influenced the serious problems for the environment.
These problems threaten the sustainable development.Although the open door policy and economic reforms created outstanding profits, people encountered with a variety of problems like the high amount of expenses for education, health and housing.Chinese people wish to drink healthy water and breathe a pure air.Ha-Joon Chang stated as a Korean economist that the most challenges in China is introversive rather than extroversive.An environmentally friendly pattern is necessary in order to replace with the current black framework (Chang, 2011:215-216).The environmental problems are influenced by the lack of water and soil erosion.On the other hand the air industrial systems led to these problems.The two-third of China's soil isn't able to agriculture.These regions are involved of deserts and heights.
Almost 2500 square kilometer is added to the area of this country annually.The small dust storms occur in spring and autumn regularly (Smith, 2009:258-260).The development of steel industry and cement led to over production of these materials.The development of mass media also influenced the people's consideration about the environment and their health (Olamaeefar, 2015:148-149).Water pollution is the most common problem in this country.
According to the estimation of the World Bank, the current problems cost more than 54 milliard dollars for the government.Therefore almost 178000 people waste their life.The amount of premature death will reach to Therefore breathing is a serious problem in this country (Merdit, 2013:284-286).The economic growth pattern of China has focused on the development of heavy industry.A lot of these industries led to air pollution and energy consuming.The amount of pollution in China is increasing since the previous years.China's government always ignores the environmental rules in order to achieve more economic goals (Moorison, 2016:191).

3-2 foreign challenges 1-2-3 international system and achieving the top global position
China intends to have a relationship with western countries and neighbor countries as well.
There are some disagreements among the politics as the following: Missile defense, Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Humanitarian intervention, the Asian security arrangements and preparing the energy security with the United States.Meanwhile, the economic and technical infrastructures are developing increasingly (Ghanbarlou, 1394:121-122).The leaders of this country believe that the sustainable development is influenced by the international relationships.China will become a superpower by means of these relationships.
This country is able to enhance its position in the world without changing the power balance in different countries (Sklias, 2012:288).On the other hand, many countries identify China as a kind of threaten for themselves.China has achieved an outstanding success after the expansion of its relationships with different countries (Hooghe, 2007:9).Although the next leaders of China try to assure other governments about the China's security for the world, they do their best in order to achieve to a China which is bigger and more developed than the current one.This country will concentrate on its military forces in order to encounter with the United States as the superpower of the world (Verdinejad et al, 2011: 374).There is a possibility of the crisis between China and United States which will influence by two factors as the following: the first parameter is the military power of China.China has enhanced its military budget recently.It has a first grade of power in Asia and the second grade in the world, the second parameter is the competition between the United States and China in order to achieve the most regions of eastern Asia and the pacific zone (Dong, 2012: 11).This country has achieved an outstanding success in the economic field.It means that it is in a competition with the United States because of the first power in the world.There is no outstanding purpose in the military and political fields (Ghanbarlou, 2015:105-107).The Beijing and Washington also try to dominance on the above mentioned zones.By the enhancement of military power in China, the possibility of crisis and tension takes place through the relationship between these countries.There is another conflict between the United States and China in order to enhancement the commercial and economic reforms.The United States has some criticizes to the China's human rights (Mohagheghnia & Moradi, 2011:27-280).The United States declared in its last quadrennial defense that among the powerful countries, China has the most potential for the competition with the United States on the basis of its military power.The military developments allocate about 4.7% of the total budget of the government.The china's leaders enhanced the military costs.They try to focus on the development of human rights and lifestyle on the basis of enhancing the military forces (Merdit, 2013:272).

2-2-3 Environment
The environmental issues have been investigated in the international fields during the past three decade age.The social and economic activities lead to some threatens the environment.
The mass industrial production leads to lack of resources which is including raw material and energy.The local problems which are related to the environmental erosion are becoming international problems.Air pollution isn't confined to the boundaries (Jackson & Sirenson, 2012: 323-325).Miler states that the environmental problems have less importance in this country because of the non-democratic system but nowadays the level of public awareness is increasing in this country.China is a member in the most international treaties.The NGOs are encountered with a variety of problems about the environmental policies.Generally the amount of efficiency in the environmental non-government organizations is less than the economic efficiency.For instance some economic activities such as cutting the trees down and fishing are in contrast with the environmental benefits.The developing countries try to develop and enhance their efficiencies in order to become as developed countries (Hinz, 2011: 267-268).The above ideology transforms this country as the most polluted country in the world.China wants to develop all the aspects of its system without any consideration to the environmental pollution.The air pollution in this country causes to some changes in the earth's climate.The most developed countries such as Japan, United States and Europe asked China to implement some affairs in order to control the greenhouse gases distribution (Peng, 2011: 231-232).According to the World Bank statement, China is the biggest country which produces the greenhouse gases.The production of greenhouse gas leads to the high temperature of the earth.The World Bank also declared that almost two millions of people die because of these pollutions.These contaminations sometimes go over the Chinese boundaries (Khor, 2013: 175).Sometimes the source of contamination is in one country, but its consequences take place in other countries and places.Therefore the environmental problems have the universal nature.China plays an important role in the distribution of the carbon dioxide with 20 % value in the world (Wilis, 2014: 189-190).

3-2-3 the human rights obligations
The human rights and freedoms are the aspects of individual's rights.These rights are related to the human needs and his capabilities.The most significant moral development is recognition of human rights in the international rules during the past century.The purpose of these treatises which is related to the human rights is achieving the comprehensive concept of freedoms, human rights and obliges the governments in order to defense from these rights (Bitham & Boil, 2014: 115) government arrests the interior critics who were on charge of security crimes against the activists of the civil society and reformists (Golshanpajooh, 2009: 161-225).

3-2-4 regional and cross-border issue
China has had a lot of problems with its neighbors.These problems were derived from two main factors as the following: dissolved territorial disputes and the leadership of territorial arrangements.The disputes through the east of Asia and the south-east of Asia were because of the strategic significance of waters, islands and the resources of oil and gas.The United States was the other claimant of these properties.These conflicts were among the following countries: China, Japan, Taiwan, Brunei, South Korea, Vietnam, Philippines and Malaysia.
According to these disputes, China tries to create more disagreements because of its hegemony claim and having some long beaches.China tried to solve these problems but still, there are some territorial problems in South China Sea and East China Sea.The Sovereignty over the Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands is one of the most reasons of conflicts between China and its neighbors.The neighbors of this country are concern about the military power and its economic development.They also were a concern for their behavior.It States (Tzu, 2011: 323-352).China is trying to develop its soft power through the Southeast Asia.The soft power of China includes the variety of resources such as culture, cooperation and its participation in the multilateralism along with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Vibou, 2011: 357-380).According to the above statements, the Chinese elites are aware that the most important affairs in the process of Chinese development are maintaining the stability.The purpose of the China's effort is to keep the stability.So China must represent more responsible behavior in order to confide with Japan, India, South Korea and Australia.Neighboring countries are concern about the power development in China (Nye, 2010:5).

Conclusion
The imbalanced development of China is able to provide different crises.This will lead to some serious crises in the future.Chinese leaders are faced with different interior and exterior challenges.From the viewpoint of internal dimension, the most important challenges which can affect the economic position are as the following: the tradition of Confucianism, one-party authoritarianism government, economic and administrative corruption, breach of human rights, the lack of outstanding civil rights, the development of middle class in the society, environmental pollution, the lack of balance and aging population.People are encountered with the above dangers in this country.According to the current study, the external challenges are as the following: the international system structure, environmental issues such as greenhouse gasses distribution, toxic materials of the factories in China, the industrial pollution of waters, non-consideration to the human rights obligations and the territorial problems of China with the neighboring countries.Each of these challenges has great potential for occurrence.The international pressure is increasing because of the above challenges.These challenges are also like an obstacle for the China's development goals.As a result, this country didn't implement balanced development among the politic and economic fields.However, the balanced development needs to provide a balance through the different aspects.The possibility of crisis accordance is a little in the balanced development.In other words, there are some problems which are threatened by the process of development in China such as the international pressures, different interior crises and the imbalanced of different aspects of development.
. Heinz Alfred Kissinger states about Deng Xiaoping as the following: those who had experienced in the Mao era, are able to comprehend the outstanding revolution by Xiaoping.Economic boom which was exposure with the inflation and overcrowded cities are the main factors of ideological passion in China.Other countries especially western democracies believed that China is main factor in relation with the global recession.Chinese people were inspired by the "little red book" whose writer was Mao Zedong.Mao destroyed the traditional China in order to record its modern ideologies and thoughts.Deng was brave enough to establish the modernity on the basis of initiative and flexibility of Chinese people.He removed the shared farms and established the autonomy state.He forced people to act on the basis of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Today, china is the second big world economy with the high amount of foreign-exchange reserves and foreign credits.It also includes some cities with the sky scraper.All the above statements indicate that Deng Xiaoping was a wise man with an outstanding attitude (Henry Alfred Kissinger, 2013:431).2-2 economic-political revolutions in Deng Xiaoping era (1978-1990) Communist Party of China was a rare example of the regime with the combination of individual and collective leadership from 1978 to 1988.Although Deng didn't have any leadership posts, he was a senior leader in the government.Deng had a veto right among the Pouliate Bouro until his retirement in 1987.He had a right of interfering in the political fields.
priorities as the following: removing the government monopoly in the foreign business, the attraction of foreign capital and attraction of the foreign direct investment.Other programs were also the purposes of the open door policy such as: acceptance of dominium, reforming the unwieldy regulations, creating the special economic zones in southern and southeast of China, achievement of modern technologies, export development, enhancement of national income, the creation of employment and enhancing the infrastructure development.So, China began to develop in the economic field.The western economic powers were also interested in the modern economic space of China.They help the process of development in China through the different methods like bilateral and multilateral agreements.These powerful states accept China in the World Trade Organization.Despite the advent of different crises through the world, some parameters improved fast in this country such as: export development, economic growth and industrialization process.Therefore it improved its position as a rival of United the sixteenth congress of communist party which was held in the November of 2002, they achieved the fourth generation of power.The ruler of this generation was Hu Jintao that applied some new claims.There were numerous factors which increased the people's claims and their expectations as the following: enhancement of the educations level, elimination of illiteracy by the government, enhancement of intermediate-class, current welfare and people's ability in order to access the foreign information.The economic part also had a desirable position because of the open-doors policy.The gross domestic product of China reached the threshold of 1.972 trillion dollars in 2004.This country achieved the world largest exporter position by its continuous efforts.China could increase its wealth by attracting the foreign capitals as well as the proper relationship with the global market.The economic growth reached to double digits between 2006 and 2007.Also the gross domestic product reached to 7.2 trillion dollars.The economic growth of China reached to 11.4% in 2007.
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The communist party of China appointed Xi Jinping as the leader of this country on the 15 th of October in 2012.Xi Jinping is one of the fifth generation leaders in China.He has three positions within his job like: president, general secretary of the communist party and head of the military commission.The final goal of China's leaders is providing better conditions for the Chinese until the end of 2020.When the new leader was appointed in China, the second step of reformations began to work in accordance with the interior needs and the third millennium requirements in 2014.Some achievements have been obtained according to the leadership of Xi Jinping as the following: a well capita income, the existence of population density in the intermediate level of population pyramid, development of national currency, the modern civil community, cultural pluralism, changing in the political bias by relying on the public desire, increasing in the urban population and expanding the all aspects of information and findings.According to the estimates of the officials in China, more than 400 million persons who live in rural areas migrate to the urban regions until 2020.The percentage of urbanism in 2002 was 31% and it was more than 50% in 2011.It will reach more than 70% in 2020.According to the McKinsey institute investigations the population of the intermediate class will be more than 520 million in 2025.The gross domestic product will reach more than double of the current capacity in 2020(Shirzadi, 2014:9-24).One of the most important parameters through the China's success is the rate of economic growth.The amount of per capita income in 2006 reached more than 5 times of per capita income in 1978.The growth rate of China was three times more than the standards which were recorded for the poor countries.This country has experienced the high amount of poverty in its history.The independent estimate of the World Bank by Martin Ravalion and Xiahoxeng illustrates that the number of poor decreased from 53% in 1981 to 8% in 2001.It means that the number of poor has reduced over the two decades to 400 million persons.The reduction of absolute poverty had been more than the other countries.But we cannot deny the success of China in the process of eliminating the poverty (Toudarv, 2010:1).Joseph Eugene Stiglitz states that the success of China had been on the basis of comparative politics and strategies through different conditions.A new problem takes place following the previous problems.A new strategy and policy are needed in order to solve the problems.The social innovation is also embedded in this evolution process.The government of China found out that it is not possible to implementation the effective economic entities of other countries in its state.The government should implement appropriate models and frameworks and revise the last strategies.10 percent of the average economy had been prepared in this country and out of one hundred millions of Chinese are not poor currently.These changes are evident not only in the economic statistics but also in the standard of living (Joseph EugeneStiglitz, 2011: 1).It should be mentioned that the estimation of China's economic position through the World Bank is as the following: China's economic position is desirable and the macroeconomic environment is stable.In 2004, the volume of the economy in China was 16.8% more than the first amount according to the China's government report.The volume of the economy in China equals with 283 milliard dollars which is more than the previous findings.The volume economy in 2007, equaled with 2000.The amount of growth rate had been more than 4% in the agricultural section.The foreign trade of China had grown increasingly in this decade.The volume of trade exchanges in 1990 increased from 1154 milliard dollars to 53,025 milliard dollars in 2000.The amount of exports has been always more than imports with the value of 28 milliard dollars.Therefore it has been a great transformation among three decades after the beginning of economic reforms.The amount of gross domestic production has estimated about 8.2 trillion dollars in 2012.In 1985 the amount of foreign direct investment was 2 milliard dollars which increased to 112 milliard dollars in 2012.China has been the second destination of foreign direct investment after the United States in 2012.This country recognized as the world's top commercial power in 2012.The average growth of export and import were as the following: 18.1% in 1990 and 17.1 % in 2012.The trade surplus of this country was 233 milliard dollars in 2012.In recent years the country has become the largest foreign exchange reserves.In the September of 2013, this amount has estimated about 3. 7 Trillion dollars(Ghanbarlou,   2015:181-194).The average of life expectancy has risen to 75 years old and also the standard living became better than before.By development the level of health, a lot of diseases suppressed.The number of under graduated students and educated ones increased and also the percentage of illiteracy reduced in the urban regions.Also the nine year basic education became necessary in this period.According to the reports of the ministry of education, 538177 students enrolled in the master level, 383600 students graduated in this year.The total students in different fields were more than 1538416 persons(Olamiyfar, 2015:147).The report of United Nation about this country in 2015 is as the following:2-4 the human development index in the United Nation in 2015vcAccording to the concept provided, the economic evolution in china has been increased in this period.This outstanding growth is because of the high performance of politic elites at the top of the power pyramid.The role of development-oriented government is very important.According to the above findings, we can conclude that Chinese elites have been successful because of their achievement such as: enhancement the economic situation, obtaining the facilities for economic growth and presenting the qualified planning.People have obtained personal freedoms because of the enhancement of the living standards, but it doesn't mean the interference of the politic freedoms and politic participation in the government.The concept of development is imbalanced in China.It means that economic development has grown in a balanced mood but according to the political development this country didn't have any growth.The imbalanced development provides an appropriate position for different challenges.
importance of the diplomatic relationship with the United States led to having a friendly relation with Taiwan.The debate between China and Japan is one of the most challenging debates in the world.Japan claimed that the East China Sea and the Diaoyudao Islands belong to this country.The Korean Peninsula has been one of the most important reasons of the crisis between the United States and China from the war in 1951.The United States supports from the dissolution of North Korea system and its replacement with the liberal democracy.China supports the current leadership of North Korea.On the other hand, the military development of China is because of domination of East Asia and Pacific zone.
. According to the reports of non-governmental organizations like human rights watch and Amnesty International organization from 2005 to 2006, some statements about the human rights is as the following: a) breach of women's rights: China's government forces the Chinese women to abort their infants or become abortive.Trafficking of women and children is a continuous problem in this country.The widespread violence is still happening in this country.b) Torture and inhuman treatments: torture and misbehavior are reported in the governmental entities.Thrash, food and sleep deprivation, electric shock and hanging were the common tortures.c) Misbehavior with the prisoners was another inhuman treatment in that period.The evidences indicate that numerous tortures led to their death.The Asia Human Rights Commission in 2003 reported the following: china's government has improved the accessibility of Internet information and by means of Google and blocking the antigovernment websites.A lot of people were arrested by the government because of reading and writing on different websites.The freedom of expression was limited in China because of new regulations against the Internet usage.The arbitrary detention and injustice trials are a continuous process in this country.The Uyghurs are continuously arrested as the separatists, terrorists and religious extremists.Some of the misbehaviors about the human rights in this country are as the following: disregarding the workmen's rights, inappropriate relationships with the Tibetan zones and Hong Kong, suppression of politics, the human rights activists, misconducting with the prisoners and injustice trials.d) The seems that China is a kind of potential threat because the governments of Asia-Pacific tend to have cooperation with the United States(Ghanbarlu, 2015:110-113).Therefore china is encountered with different reactions through the international community.Japan is treating very cautiously comparing with other Asian countries and it is because of its doubt with the affairs of China.Taiwan is one of the important factors of inconsistency in the north-east of Asia in the recent years.Although every country accepts the current situation in the borders of Taiwan, the South Korean has a few inclinations to participate in the China and Taiwan conflicts.Taiwan is powerful enough to threaten the relationship between Korea and China.Australia is concern about the development of military power in China, so it enhances its security treaties with India, United States, Japan, and Singapore.The policy of controlling China is applying with the cooperation of the United States and Australia.The positive attitude of South Korean people about China has to drop down in the recent years.Therefore the south Korean and Australia will remain in the security framework of the United States leadership in the Asian Pacific zone.It is hard to imagine that China replaces with the United