Ranking of Zahedan ’ s Five Districts in Order to Fulfill the Creative City Masoumeh

Moving towards the development and realization of the creative city due to the status of the city as a place of forming knowledge society contexts, and the importance of cities in economic development is very necessary and important. This paper aims to examine the components of the creative city in Zahedan and tries to move toward urban creativity. Considering the components of this research, it is an applied study, which is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method. The research includes 20 indicators for the creative city. A researcher made questionnaire is used to collect data. In addition, SPSS and GIS softwares are used to analyze the data. The statistical population is the five districts of Zahedan City, in which 383 residents were selected and studied through cluster and systematic random sampling in all districts of the city. The ranking results of districts in the creative city indicators show that district 1 is the most desirable district and district 3 is the most undesirable and the most deprived district with informal and disturbed settlements. The effectiveness of each component of the creative city indicators was studied in the regression analysis. It was found that the effectiveness of all components is not identical in the realization of the creative city in Zahedan. They act in the form of a chain and the stability of the chain depends on the planning and investment in all of the sub-indicators of these components.


Statement of the problem
The rapid growth of urbanization along with major changes in urban lifestyle is affected by capitalism, the emergence of numerous problems of urbanization, and urban development in all social, economic, environmental, and especially physical aspects of cities (Rezai and Naji, 2015: 70).Meanwhile, population increase along with the increasing rate of urbanization had detrimental consequences for cities (Rahnamaei and Pourmousavi, 2015: 178).This will cause problems such as urban poverty, massive migrations and the lack of service resource, lack of infrastructure, pollution and congestion for cities, which is considered as the major challenge for cities and it has disrupted the economic, social, and cultural process of cities.Although this process leads to expansion of scientific, technology, innovation, and ultimately lead to the development of creative human capital, but as long as formation of such a development on traditional theoretical foundations, consequences such as rising unemployment, increasing inequality gap and worsening social and economic space within the city will occur (Zimmerman, 2008: 230).In this regard, the realization and development of creative cities are the fundamental approach for solving such crises.In these cities, with an emphasis on elites and experts in urban planning, urban management, urban planners, and other relevant sciences convert the city to an attractive place for study, work and maintaining the city's elite.This will be achieved by improving the quality of universities and scientific centers, quality of work, quality of life, tolerance levels, and lifestyle (Healey, 2004: 95).Moving toward a creative city due to the status of the city as a place of forming knowledge society contexts, the importance of cities in economic development (knowledge economy), status and importance of the city as a basic requirement of forming science and technology clusters, and the role of cities in attracting, using, and maintaining creative human capital (creative class) is very important and necessary (Rabbani et al., 2011: 160).Therefore, the quartet scenario of creative human capital, quality of life, the field of innovation and social capital leads to the development of the creative city (Neil, 2004: 19).
Among the big cities of Iran, Zahedan Like many big cities in the world faces with social, economic, and environmental challenges, which have created several problems.According to the latest census (2011), Zahedan population is 575,116 people that is the twelfth most populous city of the country.This paper aims to examine the components of creative human capital, innovation, social capital, and quality of life in the city of Zahedan in order to enhance the urban creativity and tries to move toward the creation of creative neighborhoods.

Literature
The first person who has studied and provided the results of the creative cities was Richard Florida (Khosravi, 111: 2010).He believed that creativity and innovation generally are the elements of cities for moving toward success (Harvey, 2012: 528).So that these technologic innovations lead to the transformation of cities and increasing investment in them (Mousavi, Saeedabadi and Fehr, 43: 2010).These innovations are the result of creative human capital, which causes that creative people provide regional economic growth and power in cities.Thus, the creative city's economy achieves the highest level of efficiency based on innovation and creative ideas.Therefore, it will reach sustainability with dynamics that exist in all dimensions.These people prefer to live in places that have features such as creativity, innovation, diversity, and tolerance (Ghurchi, 66: 2012).In addition, this creative class creates the creative networks by forming relationships between the social and economic processes so that moving toward the realization of the creative city can be achieved by communication with people, places, and networks (Evans, 2009(Evans, : 1038)).Urban management plays a key role in moving toward the realization of the creative city.Urban management with purposes such as the city for people, economic enjoyment, city of knowledge, ecological city, connected city, town ahead, and optimal use of resources will improve the quality of life and livability of the city (Khansefid, 2012, 92-94).Promotion of life quality can be achieved with the development of public and collective spaces of a creative city because public spaces serve as the engine of the creative city by involving concepts such as participation, diversity, vitality, charm, value, and identity.Therefore, attention to the public space requires creative urban management to prevent the destruction of the city's public spaces and enhances creativity in the residents (Kalantari et al. 2012: 74-78).Evaluation of documents in libraries and research centers show that there have been studies in the field of the creative city indicators in the world over the past few years.Mac Grahan and John (2007) in a study inspired by the work of Florida entitled re-design of the creative class to review the growth in urban and rural areas have emphasized the matter that people in the creative class have a high level of quality of life.The results suggest that review of creative jobs in Florida is consistent with regional development using the new measurement they have done.Marcozen also emphasized the importance of the role of artists in creative cities at various levels, particularly in the social, economic, and cultural levels.The results show that cultural consumption increases in the cities, in which there are artists.When this point is combined with scores such as medical and pharmaceutical industries, it stops the process of immigration in these cities (Sasaki, 2010, 54).Kagan and Hahn (2011) concluded that artists and cultural activities play a significant role in the creative city.Shahabian and Rahgozar (2012) argued that optimal use of space in public spaces managed to foster creativity and promote innovation could be achieved with a proper programming.Khansefidi (2012) in reviewing the important axis in the planning associated with Melbourne city concluded that successful planning and management of urban affairs in setting goals and providing strategies and performance indicators in the creative city can be used by planners and city managers.Mousavi (2013) studied the indicators of the creative city so that technologic innovations (product of creative human capital) transform cities and increase investment.

Research method
According to studied components and functional nature of the study, the research method is

Theoretical Foundations
Creative cities are the cities that are able to provide solutions to new problems in their daily (Rabbani Kharsgani et al., 2011: 161).The other concept of creative cities is concentrated on cultural productions (Qoorchy, 2012: 7).The other concept emphasizes on the capacity and ability of the town on attracting creative human capital (Costa et al., 2007: 6).Where cities are varied and full of interaction and are also fraught with problems, large gatherings of humans is inherently complex and inconvenient and people in cities have had to be creative in order to establish and develop the city.Therefore, cities increasingly use creative city concepts (Landry, 2008, 35) and the creative class uses them stressing the importance of art and culture in cities (Cooke and Lazzeretti, 2008: 65).In fact, creative city variables are technology, talent, and tolerance among the creative class, which are important and prominent.Although these three variables will not lead to creativity alone, but they act as absorbing and shaping factors to place the city toward the creative city (Florida, 2002: 46).
Creative city describes an urban complex, which is built based on a solid cultural and social infrastructure (Tavakoli and Hassan Pour, 2013, 11).The purpose creative city, including attracting creative institutions, individuals, and companies in activities related to the city, understanding the city, and understanding the city as a creative phenomenon.These affairs attract the urban management, encourage, and participation of creative people in decisionmaking and increasing the effect of these decisions in the urban environment (Khansefid, 2012, 8).Changing the paradigm of urban management to urban governance and the central role of the local community in forming the creative city, which manifests the presence, activities, and talents of the local community and all actors in the field of urban development and management have been effective (Ghorbani et al., 1392, 11).In fact, the creative city passes the power of officials, managers, and institutions to social capital and citizens who should actively participate in the planning process and share their ideas in building, design, transport, etc. (Deffner, Vlachopoulou, 2011, 11).Moving toward a creative city is very different in various schools.In neoliberal school, realization of the creative city takes place to attract foreign direct investments.In this school, the competition cities are established.These cities attract the skilled labor by presenting vast resources and use them as bait for their direct investment (Garnham, 2005: 21).In total, practical applications of the creative class have a major impact on the concept-driven economy of creative cities in this school.In studies classified by economic development organizations, the creative class and the emergence of talent and innovations defined a new population of elites with new ideas and ways of realizing innovation and creativity in describing their cities in the mid-1990s, which were in order to fulfill the creative city and enhance the quality of life of citizens (Gartler, 2004: 124).
The interesting thing about the creative class is that according to the Florida, they are attracted and gathered to places where they have certain qualities.For example, places with diversity, high revenues, and public and cultural services.Places that have the ability to attract creative people i.e. cities with a certain size has more chances to increase their efficient dynamics.Creative class brings technical change and economic growth for their cities.For these reasons, urban managers and planners may focus on creating varied and interesting environments that are attractive to this important group of people.The applied conceptual model, indicators, and items are shown.

The regression model of the creative city explanatory factors
Regression analysis was used to predict the effective indicators on the creative city.Multiple correlation coefficient (R) confirms the relationship between the creative city indicators and the current situation of the components in the districts of Zahedan as much as 0.975.The following table shows the modified explanation coefficient R 2 .93% of changes are due to improvement and increasing the component of the creative city in Zahedan.In other words, the realization possibilities of the creative city are much higher in districts 1 and 2. The following table shows the significance of regression between variables with a significance level of (sig 0.000).The f-value has confirmed the significance at 99% confidence level.According to what was mentioned, increasing and improving the standards of the creative city affect the movement of Zahedan City in realizing the creative city.On the other hand, this effect is very different.Based on the results of network analysis, quality of life has the greatest impact on the movement toward the realization of a creative city in Zahedan as much as 0.409 and innovation has the lowest impact in this regard.It is concluded that although the postulated relationship between improving the components of the creative city and the realization of the creative city has been specified, but the creative city is not realized only by improving the components and needs an infrastructure for the fundamental sub-indicators of the creative city components.In this study, the effectiveness of each component of the creative city was studied.It was determined that all components do not affect the realization of creative areas in Zahedan to the same extent, but they act the form of a chain and the stability of the chain depends on the planning and investment in all of the sub-indices of the components.

Ranking the districts with COPRAS model
The results of district ranking show that district 1 has a good quality and district 3 has the most undesirable quality of a creative city.In other words, district 1 has the highest score in terms of 4 components of a creative city as a relatively newly built area with proportional distribution of land and municipal services, proper access to education and health services, security and the urban environment and it is the most desirable district.District 3 was ranked as the most disadvantaged and the most adverse due to informal and turbulent settlements.
Therefore, according to COPRAS model, there is a difference between urban districts in terms of the creative city indicators in Zahedan.It is concluded that although the postulated relationship between improving the components of the creative city and the realization of the creative city has been specified, but the creative city is not realized only by improving the components and needs an infrastructure for the fundamental sub-indicators of the creative city components.In this study, the effectiveness of each component of the creative city was studied.It was determined that all components do not affect the realization of creative areas in Zahedan to the same extent, but they act in the form of a chain and the stability of the chain depends on the planning and investment in all of the sub-indices of the components.

Objectives 1 .
Evaluation of the creative city components in the city of Zahedan 2. Identifying the effectiveness of each component in the realization of the creative city in Zahedan 3. Ranking the districts in Zahedan in terms of creativity descriptive and analytical.The applied indicators in this research are 20 cases.The required information for the research has been collected through library research (books, statistics, and maps) and field (questionnaires, observation) study.Creative City indicators are prioritized based on surveys of experts and the final weight of each index is calculated using ANP model.Finally, the districts are ranked in terms of creativity indicators by COPRAS model.Inferential statistics such as the multivariate regression coefficient is used for the relationship between variables.The statistical population is the five districts of Zahedan.The sampling method in this study is cluster sampling.Random sampling technique was used to elect the elements of each of the chosen clusters.Since Zahedan has five districts, the sample size was calculated by Cochran formula for each district.The overall volume of samples for the whole city is (n=384).Then, the creativity of each area was determined by the creative city questionnaire and distributing it among residents of the districts.The following table shows the details of the districts and the calculated sample volume for each of them.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: The role of the creative class in the realization of the creative city

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Location of Zahedan for each unit change by the standard deviation.Beta values specify that the quality of life had the greatest impact on the realization of the creative city in the five districts in Zahedan so that one unit change in the quality of life makes 0.834 of change in the creative city indicators.In this regard, the social capital makes 0.317 of change in the creative city indicators for a unit change in the standard deviation.Innovation index has a reducing and adverse effect.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: The effect of each component of the creative city in Zahedan creativity

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Ranking the districts of Zahedan in creative city indicators

Table 1 .
Profile of Zahedan urban areas

Table 3 :
regression analysis statistics of the creative city criteria

Table 4 :
Analysis of variance and regression for creative city criteriaIn the final table, the regression models show the amount of changes in creative city criteria

Table 5 :
variable statistics on the regression model for the creative city realization

Table 6 :
The final weight of criteria and indicators of the creative city

Table 7 :
The final weight of the creative city indicators

Table 8 :
The status of five districts in the creative city indicators by COPRAS model