Study the Stylistics of " Ashbah " sermon of " Nahjol Balaqeh "

6TStylistics 6T study the language features of literary text and try to use the tools of linguistics in order to reveal the effects of the beauty of a literary work and public property of it. Such studies are looking for common points in all literary works of scholar which can be fulfilled with 6Tstudying6T a part of his works and sometimes explore the effects of 6Tstylistics6T on a certain theme by means of stylistics tools and because stylistics researches often have arbitrary and relative laws that study in this area depends on the nature of critic and taste. In this study it was tried to investigate the coordination of choice of words 6Twith sound 6T and sentence structure, vocabulary eloquence and coordination of the structure of sentences with content, to indicate that in this sermon all three levels: phonology, syntax and lexicon have been used to represent the proportion of words and meaning.


Introduction
Stylistics investigation in the study of literary works, creates a relationship between language subject and literary style, therefore "stylistics is a description of the literary text that has been established on the basis of linguistics" (Masdi, 1947).This theory indicates that the literary text in the first place is a linguistic text and without analyzing linguistic ties that implies not being quantifiable for criticism and assessment, therefore the literary text is primarily a linguistic innovation and stylistics investigations is research skills in the world of language, this practice is devoted to innovation and it is being used to know the differentiation of their works, to discover the specific literary language of each scholar, which is used consciously or unconsciously (Rizqa, 2002).
Abdo Rajehi, about the difference between linguistics and stylistics, says "linguistics is concerned on the study of "what" is said in the language, but stylistics is concerned in the study of "how" to express what is in the language" (Rajehi, 1981).So this "how" points to the difference and distinction of literary language with uniformity and similarity of indicative and general language.The stylistics scholars believe that the language of poetry has these features that breaks down the principles and general rules of language and makes its own rules which is often not consistent with the rules of the standard language, therefore it is required to look at poetry as a deviation from the standard language and stylistics knowledge task is to examine the features of this deviation (Ayyad, 1981).
Pioneers of the stylistics are to indicate that the nature of a literary work depends on its linguistic structure and it is not required to split the literary work in terms of form and significant and says if the meaning states the feelings, thoughts and emotions, all this can be found in the linguistic aspects (Shamisa, 2002).The concept of structure is very broad for them so that it contains the structure of the literary elements such as: vocabulary, imageries, metaphors, music and etc. Therefore the desired meaning of the scholar is obtained with combination of all these elements.Stylistics believe that the distinguishing feature of the literary text is deviation and its exit from normal language by means of phonetic balance or the used defamiliarization in it, therefore they believe that structural and aesthetic values in a literary work transcends the idea, imagination and emotion, in the sense that literary value is in its artistic structure (Wahba, 1974).Therefore they look at the literary text as a linguistic structure or a distinctive stylistic system.According to these descriptions the stylistic analysis due to make literary works from any external factors such as political, social, psychological, etc., looks at the work as a linguistic structure (Agilton, 1995).
It is worth noting that Nahjol Balaqeh, is a prolific book that includes the words of Imam Ali (peace upon him) and the most striking features of this valuable book is using speech, writing, beautiful and charming literature, and with the rhetoric criteria, is an example of beauty that Amir, the leader of speech and rhetoric, is the source of it.Deep meanings of words and verbal and interpretive attractions, consistency in meaning and structure are of verbal arts that make the audience captivated.Imam Ali in Nahjol Balaqeh, to create an artistic and beautiful painting has used the before mentioned verbal art.And also by using imaging elements such as analogies, he is to understand the issues and rational arguments.
Imam Ali (peace upon him) in addition to utilization of the benefit of suitable vocabularies and eloquent words has created rhythm and a particular music which penetrates the audience and provokes the feelings.It is obvious that Amir has used the musical terms with no-frills and artificiality because using harmonious words in addition to adding to the verbal beauty, it helps to understanding and keeping the word and also it reduces the indisposition of audience and the use of these virtues are in the service of meaning therefore it leaves a great impact on the psyche of the audience.George Jardaq in this regard says that: Ali ibn Abi Talib has used the rich taste of art and verbal beauty of expression, as in those days privileged him from others.The form of speech is interwoven with the concept; such as warmth of the fire and light of the sun and the air with the atmosphere, and after encountering to these expressions you are, as if against a raging flood and stormy sea and blowing gust and as it is speaking about the clarity of being and the beauty of the creation of the universe, it is as if writing on your entity with pens from the sky stars.Its speech is as if flares in a dark winter nights and laugh of the sky (Jardaq, 1987).
Therefore it can be said the beauty of Nahjol Balaqeh has privileges in terms of verbal and literary style and is a rich resource for the Arabic language also as there is a proportions in terms of style and content as well as compatibility between all literary elements, using all of them has added to the beauty Nahjol Balaqeh.

The research questions
This study seeks an answer for the following questions: How to prove that there is relevance and appropriateness between the phonetic level and the concept of sermon?How to prove the proportion of the choice of words with meaning, the sound of the word and structure?
How to prove that the level of syntax and sentence structure is consistent with the meaning and content of the sermon?

Literature review
The prolific book of Nahjol Balaqeh from several perspectives has been explored and considered that a large part of this analysis and studies aimed at understanding the ethical implications, monotheistic and religious of Nahjol Balaqeh, which in this section we will refer to some of them.In the literature of study it should be said that this prolific book in various accounts such as "Description of Ibn Maitham Bahrani and the Ibn Ali Ibn Abi al-Hadid" has pointed incidentally and dispersedly to some of the aspects of stylistics and books such as "Wonders of Nahjol Balaqeh" by George Jordaq, "An Inspection in the Nahjol Balaqeh Beauty" by Morteza Ghaemi as well as dissertations such as "The Similes and Metaphors in Nahjol Balaqeh" by Siavash Haqjoo, "The Music of Sermons of Nahjol Balaqeh" by Mustafa Taati Ghafoor have pointed to stylistics aspects of this valuable book which are related to this issue.
It should be noted that the division of analyzing the authors has from these works is in the phonetic analysis it is not enough just to bring the beauty of words but the musical aspect which are associated with meaning and feeling should be proved and evaluated to see whether the use of these literary terms is dried and artificial or subtle.Or we have analyzed the connection of choice of words with lexical and phonetic aspects of word, as well as the appropriateness of the sentence structure with meaning and coherence or lack of structural integrity.

Reviewing the methods of stylistics of Ashbah sermon 1. Phonetic level
The phonetic level can be said as the musical level of the text.Arab literature scholars consider music as one of the elements in analyzing the poetry at structuralist critique and it separates the poems musical elements from prose (Meftah, 1981).But that is correct to be acknowledged; prosodic weight of poetry to be distinguishes from prose.As it is said in the definition of poetry, it is a word with rhyme and rhythm that is has a special meaning implication (Qudaamah Ben, 1963) because the music is not just belongs to poetry.

The internal music
It is obvious that the scope of this kind of music is much wider than the weight and order.The internal music can be found in various literary terms such as puns, rhymes, derivation, alliteration and etc.This type of music, with repeated signs of phonetic-based language companion, beauty and fitness creates a deviation, and brings pleasure for listener audience.
The application of this style of speech, at language context and modes of eloquence is important.
At the following we are examining this kind of music in Ashbah sermon.

Versification
Versification is one of the nice and mellow tricks that as the common letters in versification are more melodious it would add to beauty of rhyme.The following are examples of types of versification in this sermon: It should be noted that in this sermon, the aesthetic versification context has been achieved in terms of rhythmic rhyme on the direction of symmetry and there's also rhymed words that have caused in alienation and strangeness of speech.Therefore, they have added special and prominent characteristics in the words of a sermon specially to the rhymed words which are often key words and meaning of the sermon revolves around these words, given that this implies the proportion of the phonetic level, as one of the means of style.

Inlaying with gems (leonine verse)
In the phrase: The words ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺎﺻﻴﺮ‬ and ‫ﺑﺬﻳﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ are equivalents 6 T in the6 T next 6 T phrase6 T ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ‬ and ‫ﺳﻴﻮﻟﻬﺎ‬ respectively have parallel rhyme.
Utilization of this rhetorical figure, in addition to highlighting the beauty of speech also emphasizes the meaning of the word because in this sermon, a second 6 T phrase6 T which is equal to the first and somehow repeats the concept of first phrase.6 T In the6 T 1 6 T 6 T 1 6 T phrase: Word of ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ and ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﻝ‬ respectively is balance with their equivalents in the next sentence ‫‪and‬ﺃﺻﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬ . 1 6 T Similarly 6 T 1 6 T in the6 T 1 6 T 6 T 1 6 T phrase: The words of ‫ﺑﻼﺩﺓ‬ and ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻔﻼﺕ‬ with their equivalent 6 T in the6 T next sentence, ‫ﺧﺪﺍﺋﻊ‬ and ‫,ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻮﺍﺕ‬ has rhymed balanced.
Because of the multitude of this figure of speech 6 T in6 T this sermon we refer to an example: Between ‫ﻣﻨﻘﺺ‬ and ‫ﻣﺬﻣﻮﻡ‬ there is rhymed balance and between ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻩ‬ and ‫ﺧﻼﻩ‬ too, and the sum of these two rhymes, there is couplet.

Alliteration
In this sermon the sounds of letters and words in addition to adding to the musical aspect have a natural relationship with concepts of sermon too.The following examples refer to it.
Word " ‫ﻉ‬ " means an indication of the forgiveness of God and therefore repeated the word " ‫ﻉ‬ " 6 T in the6 T above passage revolves around the benevolence and generosity of God is appropriate.
Repetition of the word " ‫ﺱ‬ " 6 T in the6 T above statements suggest calming environment that is consistent with the concept of God because of the creation of the heavens and the elements they brought to mankind.
Repetition of letters ‫ﺥ‬ and ‫ﺡ‬ implies the wrath that the use of this word with the meaning of these 6 T phrase6 T that is appropriate to anger and roaring waves of the sea.
Despite the frequency and vibrating of letter ‫ﻩ‬ in a voice it implies the psychological anxiety (Abbas, 1998).Repetition of letter ‫ﻩ‬ shows inflamed and disquieting atmosphere that is tested against human states.

Paregmenon
In this sermon with the cognate words it is added to the verbal beauty, in the following examples we are referring to.
Linear pun is between ‫ﺍﮐﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ"‬ " and " ‫ﺍﮐﺘﺎﻓﻬﺎ‬ " as we already know all the puns are not beautiful, but the pun between these two words is great, because in addition to being resonate, it is not arid but used in the service of the meaning of the phrases.
1 6 T 1.2.Spiritual music Spiritual music is the set of symmetries, comparisons and contrasts, which is located in the area of semantic and conceptual issues and all the underlying relationships of the components of a literary text; creates the spiritual music of that work and many spiritual imageries like ambiguity, taxis, contrasts, allusions, synesthesia and etc. are in this area of music (Mohseni, 2004).The following are some examples of spiritual music at the Ashbah sermon: In this sermon, there is a contradiction between words as mentioned below.However as the used contractions in this sermon were not used for delivering a message and do not have an artificial state, but because of evoking meaning in the mind of the reader and arousing emotions, they have been delivered 6 T in 6 T different states.Therefore, using these figures has added to the beauty of the sermon.
It is according to new linguistic among the coherence in terms of the wording.In parts of the sermon there are words that have together coherence 6 T of meanings6 T in this sermon.Of course, in addition to the sense of proportion of meaning, beauty is also being referred.6 T Look at the6 T following examples.
Sun, moon, meteors and stars are all elements of sky.This paragraph is in praise of God in the creation of the heavens and the earth.And that these elements are as evidence of the existence of God and this fact suggests that the parallelism that exists between the words has been delivered to beauty because it is not used as a statement.
The word ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ with its equivalent ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬ and word of ‫ﻗﺒﻠﻪ‬ with ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‬ are contrast.

Lexical level
First, it must be admitted that the importance of choosing words to convey and deliver the message to the audience is so that the selection method of putting words and terms together, has no effect on the semantic structure; but the effect is applied directly in the structure of message and leads orientation toward the message itself.The sound words, the structure of words and mental concepts of scholar influence the choice of words (Perrin, 1994).
In this sermon, the following factors have influenced the choice of words, such as: 1 -Phonetic aspect, it is important in the choice of words, for example a pun which addressed at the phonetic level has an impact in the choice of words.
2 -Another element in the choice of words in this sermon is the structure of words.Namely, the choice of words in this sermon are as if when words are combined in such a way that the description meaning induce God.
3 -Mental concepts of Imam Ali (peace on him), who praise God and satirizes those who likened God to idols is effective in the choice of words because it has caused to present such concepts with the integration of words.

Resolution and strangeness and complexity
In this sermon, Imam Ali (peace on him) in his expression has utilized a smooth and graceful language, and has chosen his words carefully, he has selected terms and words that can offer their meaning to audience efficiently.

Defamiliarization
It is said "literary work is a substantial through which such words come together that are unrelated from each other in normal use" (Hemase Abdul Latif, 1990: Epic) Therefore Imam has moved beyond the famous rules of language and has created new combinations in order to express his imaginations, emotions and concerns which are monotheistic.That is why in the rhetorical tradition it is called metonymy, because it puts the feet from present reality beyond the domain of language.

Simile
One of the most used aesthetic issues is simile that is used in order to ease the understanding of the meaning of sentences.
The simile of waves of the sea to drunk male camel's 6 T simile6 T , shouting and foaming on the lips of moving every way.

6 T Metaphor
Metaphor is as one of the aesthetics effects, play an essential role 6 T in the6 T understanding the concept of this sermon.It should be noted that all the above cases are evidences of proportion of meaning and style as well as they are appropriate in the way to use these words and phrases in place with emotional feelings of Imam Ali (PBUH).

Conclusion
In this paper some sparkles of stylistics elements in the Ashbah sermon were analyzed, the results of this study are as follows: Living, social conditions and responsibilities of Imam Ali (PBUH) as the Imam have impelled him toward ethical, unity and religious issues.
Each of the three levels of the style has been used in proportion with meaning and concepts of sermon.
Since every literary work has its own tempo music; the result of unilateral contracts in the same sermon are due to special links between many levels including semantic, rhetorical, lexical and syntactic levels, which has established.
Considering the phonetic level demonstrate that the sermon represents the appropriate use of the Arabic language to express feelings of Imam Ali (PBUH).
Because the concepts of sermon should be worthy of public understanding therefore in this sermon, vocabulary, fluency and coherence of words has been noted.
In terms of proof vocabulary the applications of eloquent words and their compatibility with sound, sentence structure and meaning are considered.
In terms of syntax and sentence structure; Imam Ali (PBUH) has used verbal statements to address sectional issues as they arise and nominal sentences to express constancy and routine matters such as describing the attributes of God in this sermon and present continuous verbs has been used for reconstruction of events and maintenance, these points are due to congruence of words and meaning.

1 6 T
Implied metaphor: » ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ:‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺿﺤﮑﺖ‬ 1 6 T The 6 T 1 6 T simile6 T 1 6 T of shells open lips to men who laugh.» ‫ﮐﻮﺍﮐﺒﻬﺎ:‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﺑﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﻨﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻁ‬ The 6 T simile6 T of luminous and radiant stars in the firmament to beautiful women who adorn themselves.» ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ:‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ‬ 6 T The simile6 T of the facts of the faith to tight strings that have created the necessary link.And… 1 6 T Stipulated metaphor: » ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ:‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ Human interests to his beloved are like the interest of angels to God.