An Investigation into the Factors Affecting the Design of Nature-Compatible Recreational-Residential Complexes-Instance Analysis

Explaining tourism concepts, standards of recreational-residential complexes and the methods for accurate treating with nature, this paper tries to study the suitable instances of recreationalresidential complexes and to adopt their positive aspects as a design strategy. SWOT matrix was built based on the weaknesses and strengths of the project site and design principles were derived by observing the extracted influential factors. Considering land topography, for example, different areas of buildings were shifted and combined with the nature. Residential and public zones gained a nice view towards the nature by keeping their orientation and extending them in east-west direction Service section connected more appropriately with residential and public areas Sections which do not need extra light such as W.Cs, storages and installation rooms, were considered in a side of the building which was adjacent to soil In residential section, rhythm was implemented in ceilings and windows Golden values and proportions were used to design the plane and façade of the complex


Introduction
Human has been always in connection with the nature and has always tried to make use of the nature by manipulating it.This kind of coexistence is seen over human history.In other words, since the time he has built a shelter, a building and an environment, human has always considered the elements of nature and the nature as an important and essential party in his maps and designs (Nasr, 2001) Recreation and exhilaration are two essential elements for the mental calmness and health of human in all ages.Recreational spaces are built in different cities of the world considering addressee types and their age range and the mental and physical needs to which they should respond.Relying on the innovation and creativity of architectures, such spaces should be built in a manner that they attract tourists.In addition, one should note that any recreational space needs a service space and different factors including proper layout, accesses, fit façade and so on provides tourists with attractive and useful spaces.
Harmonization of the architecture of recreational sites with human needs and meeting such needs demands the understanding of available environmental features and climate conditions in order to create a calm and cozy place to users by taking environmental condition and available climate problems into account.Iranian ancient architecture has accurately observed this coexistence with the nature.Old Iranian architects have considered the understanding of the nature features.Such an understanding and awareness has at least two aspects.One is associated with the understanding of geographical features, including weather, and the another one is associated with materials available in the nature and utilizing such materials in line with available topographical features.

Problem Statement
Undoubtedly, tourism industry is currently the greatest service sector.It ranks the first in terms of its broadness all over the world.Specialists predict a considerable growth rate for this industry in future.Therefore, the accurate investigation and analysis of it can aid the identification of its dimensions and features in line with the development of national economy.This, in turn, promotes and improves the quality of life in different regions of Iran.(Heidari Chîyane, 2004) Today, tourism, as a global dynamic phenomenon, has its own complexities beyond a mere industry (Doswell, 2005) Currently, it is the greatest industry of the world in terms of broadness and has had the maximum growth in recent years.According to predictions, it will be the first industry of the world by 2020s so that in 2020 more than 1,600,000 people will travel internationally (Rahnamaee, 2001) Relaying on its features and economic implications, tourism can play an effective role in the dynamism and mobilization of different economic sectors of local communities, which in turn will help the development of non-developed regions (Bártolo, H. M. G. & Bártolo, 2002) Natural attractions are free and granted attractions and human communities use them as tourism attractions.Mountains, flats, deserts, weather, plant coverage, environment, animal habitats, sea and beaches are among natural attractions (ARCOM Conference, 2002) The growth and development of tourism industry causes other sciences and phenomena to be analyzed from tourism point of view.When we study the history of tourism, we can clearly observe the relationship between tourism and architecture so that architecture always plays a special and considerable role in tourism.

Tourism Industry
Tourism is referred to a set of trips between origination and destination with the purpose of resting, recreation, fun, conducting sport activities, visiting, commercial purposes and having leisure time where the traveler does not wish to permanently stay or work at the destination place (Rahnamaee, 2001)

Tourism Definition Standards
-Time standard: time standard differentiates three types of tourism activities: short-term (less than one day), middle-term (one to three days) and long-term (more than 3 days) -Place standard: place standard differentiates near region, middle-distance region and outside or far region tourism activities.
-Season standard: season standard classifies tourism seasons based on calendar seasons.
-Form and organization standard: form and organization standard differentiates single, group and family travels defining tourism arrangement.
-Vehicle standard: vehicle standard classifies tourism based on vehicle used for travelling purposes -Residency standard: residency standard classifies the residency of tourists from both qualitative and quantitative point of view.For example, it defines that whether tourists stay at hotels, villas, boarding and camp

Ecotourism
Ecotourism is a branch of tourism.It is based on natural attractions.Since 1990, ecotourism has been introduced and studied by non-public organizations, specialists of the development field and universities as a tool of the sustainable development.(Megan Epler, 2007)

Definition of Hotel
Hotel is a French word.It means a location providing travelers with necessary accommodations at destination or during travel.In other words, hotel is a service provider complex which works to make money.Its history backs to Industrial Revolution of Europe.Its Persian equivalents are Karvansara (caravansary), Mehmankhane (guesthouse), Mehmanpazir (hostelry), Zaersara (pilgrim house) and Mosaferkhane (inn).They have thousands of years of background across the world regardless of their degree of quality.

Hotels-Spaces and Standards
Different spaces of hotels are divided into different sections based on their functions.One classification is explained in below:

Public space -residential space-support section-administrative room-sport division
-Public spaces include hall, spaces for serving foods and drinks and meeting spaces -Residential space includes resting rooms -Service section includes kitchen, laundry and W.C. spaces The price difference is mainly associated with the public spaces of hotels.Although guest rooms occupy the main area of floors, this is public spaces making difference in the rate of occupation from a hotel to hotel.The following table shows different types of hotels.
The following table shows the market of the main customers of hotels and their features.In addition, it shows the influence of customers on the decoration and design of resting rooms.

Hotel type
King size beds, dinner and work-fit tables, fit capacity of drawers, large-area multisectional bathrooms Vacations, family trips, visiting trips landscapes, exercise and family-based activities Room is occupied in the form of two or more stairs (including child), residence duration: 1 to 4 nights (this is extended in recreational hotels), price: cheap to moderate

Storages
• Storage and logistics custodian room • Hotels are obliged to provide accommodations for handicapped and individuals with physical disabilities at least in 1% to 2% of their rooms, ground floor is preferred • 5% of rooms should be fit for handicapped individuals who use wheelchair At least 15% of rooms should be single rooms • At least 30% of rooms should be double rooms with single bed • The number of suits should be proportional to 10% of the total rooms Percentage of different kinds of suits in hotels • Mini-suit: 1.5% • Conference suit: 3% • General suit: 4% • Suit for executive managers: 1% • Deluxe suit: 0.5%

Samples
In any field, studying available samples can significantly aid the avoidance of previous faults or finding positive notes and adopting them in new works.

Important notes derived from studying sample hotels Naoshima hotel
-Conservation of nature and integrating it with all buildings of the complex, completely in some zones and partly in some zones -Laying out a garden at the center of plane ellipse as a sculpture -Creation of a pure architecture with an accurate geometry in a beautiful space and natural environment -In order to be integrated with around topography, the hotel is located inside the steepness of hill and has a different appearance -Plant space is located at the center of each circle that provides whole the hotel with a natural ventilation system -The hotel is permanently surrounded by the yard -Green-space is used as the entrance guidance of rooms Other strategies -Adopting modern architectural forms and maintaining the traditional architecture appearance at the same time -Adopting strategies and solutions leading to the use of natural and local materials, this serves as a valuable tool for preserving the cultural and natural balances of the region and reducing energy consumption.This in turn leads to environment stability and increased strength of buildings -Nature-friendly designs The following items have been identified as the influential factors of nature-compatible designs.Since the studied site is a sloped site and the region is a temperate alpine region with cold and snowy winters, buildings are being spread along the direction of the site topography with sharp-sloped ceilings in order to easily remove snow from ceilings.The traditional architecture of the region should be taken into account.In addition, buildings should be designed with new materials in a modern fashion.For example, a rag-like ceiling which is seen in the traditional architecture of the region in old buildings has been replaced by tin-plate coverage.Therefore, it is suggested that the ceiling of buildings should be selected in a manner that at least the appearance of the traditional architecture of this region is preserved.
Certain Teed ceiling, which is a kind of shingle ceiling, has some advantages as follows: -It is a perfect thermal and sound insulator

Site design principles
In order to have a better understanding of the site, one needs to take into consideration the area, form and specifications of site as well as the area of the under-constructed recreationalresidential complex.If one knows the data, he/she can accurately specify the relationship of different sections, the entrance of VIP guests and persons, and the location of services, staff and car parking.The studied site was selected in a very beautiful sample tourism region inside the nature i.e.Olsabelangah-Masal, with an area of 25000 square meter

The topography of the studied region
The project site is located in a sloped land (variable and positive slope) within 19 o to 22 o .The direction of slope is from northwest to southeast.
Fig12: Cross section of the studied site

Conlusion and suggestions
According to investigations, the application of natural elements in the architecture of current residential-recreational complexes is a factor, which has received less attention.In other words, manmade structures should be compatible with climate conditions and inherent requirements of human in order to create a fit space in the design if residential-recreational complexes in terms of psychology and aesthetic.Although old architecture has pure and simple buildings, which are compatible with the nature, in the new era, the buildings of residential-recreational complexes have no relation with the nature but a few samples (the samples were discussed above).
Compliance of buildings with climate condition is the best solution for reducing building costs and fighting unfavorable climate factors.In regions where buildings are constructed in

Fig3:
Fig2: mean area of different spaces of a one-floor hotel

Kandalama
Hotel, Dambulla, Sri Lanka -Skillful integrated design -Designing the entrance of hotel as a narrow doorless entrance leading to the lobby and resting saloon -Buildings are surrounded with the nature without any mediator and the hotel has a nature-compatible design Explora Hotel -Maximized nature view -Harmonized with background-snow-covered Mountains maxx-royal-kemer-hotel -Optimal and accurate use of available limitations including forest, climate condition and sharp steepness of land -Moving terraces in accordance with land topography Accurate use of bushy plant coverage to cover the hotel building GRAFT+penda to Break Ground on MyrtleGarden Hotel (Telfoni flower garden hotel) -Mitigating the coordination between architecture

Fig6: 1 -
Fig6: Recession applied by wide small terraces in northwestern and western sides

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It can resist to the extreme variations of temperature -It firs to all climate conditions, -It is an environment-friendly material thanks to its ingredients -It is easily installed in sloped surfaces of villas -It has fixed and durable color due to having silica pigments -It is possible to harmonize design, ceiling color and building façade -It avoids entrance of the sun radiation, including ultra violet, to the building -It is consistent with light-weight construction principles aimed at reduction of earthquake-induced damages -It can be quickly replaced by similar traditional ceilings with no need to any change in the building -It is possible to use special colors to harmonize it with colors used in façade -It provides a prefect thermal insulation through avoiding the transfer of environment temperature which in turn results in energy save -It has a good coordination and harmony with doors, windows and UPVC-based openings appearance

Fig13
Fig13: M.A. project of the author They are used to design M.A. thesis: Architectural features and climate-based solutions How to protect buildings against rainfall1-The direction of rainy winds should be taken into account in calculating the direction of buildingAppropriate orientation for buildings in temperate and humid climateFigure5: building orientation in temperate and humid climate 2-Proper waterways should be predicted to collect and direct rain water 3-To protect inclined rainfall, enclosed loggia will be designed around inside spaces in west-northwest side