Numerical Names as Nominative Base of the Tatar Language System

The problems of word formation intensively studied during all periods of the development of linguistics have not lost their relevance at the present time, since word formation is the most important means of replenishing the vocabulary of the language. The vocabulary of the language is in a state of almost continuous development, reflecting the changes that happen in all areas of people’s lives and activities. The continuous process of creating new words in a language is a complex cognitive process that takes place under the influence of extralinguistic factors, nevertheless it follows the existing prototypes used by analogy in accordance with structural models. Speaking of the word formation model, we mean a certain set structure that has a generalized categorical meaning and develops a number of other hierarchically related lexical meanings, implying not only a structure, but also certain semantics. The word-formation model is at the beginning of the word-forming process, determining how the initial elements of the language build a new name. Of particular interest for research in this regard are the derived words that are formed from the stems with semantics of quantity. As is known, the names of numerals are not formed from other parts of speech, but they themselves freely participate in the word-formation of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs and other parts of speech. In Tatar linguistics there are practically no special studies concerning the numerals as a nominative base of the Tatar language system. The need to study the names of numerals as an independent motivational unit of language determines the relevance of this work. The results of the research can be used to work out lecture courses in general linguistics, lexicology, morphology, word formation of the Tatar language.


Introduction
The numerals already in the first grammar of the Tatar language stood out as a separate group representing the nominal part of the speech alongside the noun and the adjective.The number of nonderivative numerals are over thirty, including borrowings.They are represented by names of 1) ones: бер (one) -тугыз (nine); 2) tens: ун (ten) -туксан (ninety); hundreds and thousands: йөз (hundred), мең (thousand) (Tatarskaya grammatika, 1993).
Derivative numerals are formed only from their own bases.Other parts of speech cannot be a wordformative base for them.However, as noted above, they themselves freely participate in the word formation of other parts of speech.
The object of this study is the numerals, as well as the numeral-based derivatives with quantitative semantics, which resulted from the word-forming process.The purpose of this article is to investigate the semantic and structural word-forming features of the numeral-based derivatives in families of words with numerals of the first ten.
The results of the investigation can be used for further study of numerals as parts of speech and their derivatives, in studying Tatar word formation and vocabulary in educational institutions.
The method of component analysis and the method of statistical calculation of the obtained data were used in the work as the main research methods.

Results
Word formation with the participation of numerals is carried out in modern Tatar by means of the following methods of derivation: suffix, stem formation, lexicalization of word combinations, change of word combinations into a compound word with via simultaneous suffixation, and conversion (Gabdrakhmanova et. al, 2016).
Numerous words belonging to the very numerals and other parts of speech are derived from numerals.Consider the families of words of numerals from 1 (бер «one») to 9 (тугыз «nine).
As one can see from the examples, at the top of the above-mentioned families of words there is a numeral бер (one) the numeral-based derivatives of which are adverbs (31 units), nouns (11 units), adjectives (10 units), pronouns (8 units), verbs (4 units), numerals (2 units).
One should clarify that the quantitative composition of the derivatives is variational, since the family of words is always in motion.Subsequently, in the course of time, new lexical units have been formed in the language, some words eventually lose their connections with the words that contain the same roots and, after separating themselves from the main word family, form independent word families (Khusnullina et. al, 2017).
In all families of words, there are multi-structural derivative words.The words that consist of a root or a root with a suffix are called synthetic (Gabdrakhmanova et. al, 2016).For example, this family comprises the derivatives such as икеле (twofold), икеләтә (twice), икенчеләй (a second time).Most of the families of words comprehend exactly the synthetic words.This is explained by fact that the Tatar language, first of all, is an agglutinative language.At the same time, the compound words such as икейөзлелек (duplicity), икеканатлылар (two-winged) икеле-микеле (doubtful) represented by a combination of at least two meaningful morphemes are active as well.They are called analytic derivatives (Akhmetzyanova et. al, 2018).The number of such units reaches up to nine in this group.Among them there are the following types of compound words: compound proper икейөзлеләнергә (play a double game); paired: икәүдән-икәү (tete-a-tete); compound: ике мең (two thousand).
As can be seen from the examples, the adjectives (8 units) and the nouns (7 units) make up the leading position in this family of words, the adverbs (4 units) and the verbs (4 units) are in equal positions.

Discussion
The analysis of the families of words consisting of numerals from 1 to 9 shows that they are not homogeneous in their structure and volume.There are the families of words that consist of active vocabulary.These include the first three numerals in the Tatar language: бер, ике, өч.
The families of words comprehend synthetic and analytical (compound) words.All the derived numerals that are contained in these families are compound in their structure, since they are formed only by a single method of word formation -stem composition.This implies that the number of derivatives of compound (composite, pair) numerals is multitudes, they are present in all families of words consisting of numerals, however, as is well known, they are absent in the families of words consisting of other parts of speech.A large number of compound words relating to another part of speech can be traced in the families we are studying.So, for example, the number of derivative nouns reaches up to 42 units.The number of compound adjectives accounts for 27 units.It should be clarified that the qualitative and quantitative composition of not only compound words but also all the derivatives depends directly on the productivity of the root (of a numeral).For example, the number of derivative adverbs in the family of words of бер «one» reaches up 28 (бераз (a little), бервакытны (one day), бергә-бер (tete-a-tete), беркадәр (a few), беркөе (потихоньку /gradually), беркөн (recently), бермә-бер (twice), бермәлне (one day), берничә (a few), беррәттән (at one), in other words (for example, the families of words of дүрт «four», алты «six») there is none of compound adverbs.Thus, the most productive way of word-formation in our research paper is stem composition.Every family of words contain a huge number of compound words.The productive method of word formation for them are: stem composition (51%), lexicalization of word combinations (13,5%), the transfer of word combinations into a compound word with its simultaneous suffixation (35,5%).
It should be noted that, the suffix -лы/ле of the aforementioned word-building suffixes occurs in all the families of words we have analyzed.For example, when adding to the numerals, it forms the nouns with the meaning of evaluation: икеле -(a two), өчле (a three), it forms the names of games in cards тугызлы (nine), егермеберле (the game of twenty-one), it also expresses any quantitative feature of the subject, thereby forming the adjectives: бишле (five-line), and so on.
The third productive way of word formation in these families of words is conversion."Conversion is a nonsuffix way of word formation, as a result of which a categorically distinct word coinciding in some forms with a original word is formed" (Ganiev et. al, 2005).So, the way of conversion in these families of words is about 14%.For the most part, this method is used in the formation of adverbs: өчәү (three) -өчәү (in three), икәү (two) -икәү (in two).

Conclusions
In conclusion, it should be noted that numerals play an enormous role in the vocabulary update of the Tatar language.New lexical units, based on numerals, differ from other derivatives and have distinctive structural and derivational features, as a consequence, they form a separate aspect in the lexical system of language and require more detailed research.