Taxonomy of Values and Anti-Values : the Material of the Russian and German Phraseology

At present, in terms of intercultural communication, the role of the axiological aspect in teaching foreign languages is growing. When thinking about the values and anti-values in the phraseology of Russian and German it is advisable to take into account their hierarchy which can be presented as the axiological scale. This investigation benefits from the following methods: axiological linguistic method, method of cognitive analysis, comparative method, processing of lexicographical sources. The result of the study is formation of the axiological scale and development on its basis of the taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the Russian and German languages. The taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the language allows submitting axiological hierarchy reflecting the inter-layer differentiation of values and anti-values represented by axiological phraseology. Axiological scale and taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology can be used in linguistic axiological research of different languages.


Introduction
The purpose of the study is formation of the axiological scale and development on its basis of the taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the Russian and German languages.It allows submitting axiological hierarchy reflecting the inter-layer differentiation of values and anti-values represented by axiological phraseology.
Taxonomy is the study of the general principles of scientific classification (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2016).It involves classification reflecting the hierarchical organization of objects system.The taxonomy of values and anti-values is a multi-level structure which connections are caused by hierarchical relationships.In every culture, values are arranged in a hierarchy.The cultural core includes spiritual values.
In the study "Philosophical experience in building value hierarchy" A.A. Artemov conducts analysis of research, dedicated to the construction of the axiological scale.According to A.A. Artemov, Heinrich Rickert suggested in his paper "About system of values" (1914) the most detailed construction of the hierarchy of values.He identifies six areas of values: 1) logic as the sphere of the value of truth; 2) aesthetics as the sphere of the value of beauty; 3) mysticism and ideal of impersonal holiness; 4) ethics dominated by the morality; 5) private, intimate life and the ideal of happiness; 6) religion as a sphere of personal holiness.Hartmann's ranking of values occurs in height and strength.He considers legal values as the lowest base values, as they have the maximum degree of compulsion and coercion.In the essay "Aesthetics" (1953) Hartmann describes the six classes of values (from lower to higher): value of benefits (social, legal, political values); values of subjective pleasure; values of life (useful life); moral; aesthetic; cognitive values.The last three classes of spiritual values are at the same level.A.A. Artemov (2006) identifies the following levels of the axiological scale: meta level -universal value -meaning orientations of humanity (the universal, eternal values); macro level -value systems adopted within the boundaries of a socio-cultural community; micro level -the specific values of professional and demographic groups (success, wealth, skill), personal values (self-actualization). S.F.Anisimov (1970) offers "vertical" classification of values: man and mankind are the highest values, further he highlights material, social values, and finally, values of the spiritual life of society.The axiological concept of G.P. Vyzhletsov reflects the same idea.
The American psychologist Abraham Maslow (2002) systematized human needs that are both values.His concept was called "Maslow's pyramid".It should be noted that this theory was being modified during the life of psychologist Abraham Maslow.In a modified version of "Maslow's pyramid" there is the concept of the three stages of motivational personality development (vital, social and personal).In the structure of the "pyramid" the needs have the following order: 1) vital (physiological) needs; 2) the need for security; 3) the need for belonging and love; 4) the need for recognition; 5) the need for self-actualization, finding personal identity; 6) cognitive needs for knowledge and understanding; 7) aesthetic needs; 8) the need for faith and religion.O.N. Kushnir rightly observes that this typology can be used as the basis of the axiological linguistic сonceptology not only because of the psychological adjustedness, but also because the "Maslow's pyramid… can serve as a good way to organize the modern means of its linguistic objectification" (Kushnir, 2010).However, the above classifications do not allow formation of a multi-level structure with hierarchical relationships.An important criterion for selection of the fundamental values, their binary, was taken into account in the papers of L.K. Bayramova, O.N. Georgieva, E.Yu.Guay.
The result of the study is formation of the axiological scale and development on its basis of the taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the Russian and German languages.Axiological scale and taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology can be used in linguistic axiological research of different languages.

Methods
The following methods were used in the paper: axiological linguistic method, method of cognitive analysis (in the formation of the taxonomic model of values and anti-values), comparative method, processing of lexicographical sources (in the selection of the Russian and German axiological phraseological units).

Results and Discussion
The result of the study is formation of the axiological scale and development on its basis of the taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the Russian and German languages.
The axiological scale includes 8 levels: 2 base levels (of values and anti-values), 2 median levels (of values and anti-values), high level, low level, the highest level and the lowest level.The above levels correlate with vital, social and utilitarian, material and utilitarian, intellectual-cognitive, hedonistic, moral and ethical, religious, sacred values and anti-values.
The taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the language allows submitting axiological hierarchy reflecting the inter-layer differentiation of values and anti-values represented by axiological phraseology.
Axiological scale and taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology can be used in linguistic axiological research of different languages.
An important criterion for selection of the fundamental values is their binary, the availability of antonymous naming reflecting the essence of the antinomy of values.Classification of conventional values and anti-values, represented by the Russian phraseology, is shown in the works of L.K. Bayramova (2008).The author identifies the following values and anti-values reflected in axiological idiomatic dyads: vital (life and death, health and illness); sacred (homeland and foreign land); hedonistic (happiness and unhappiness); social and utilitarian (work and unemployment / laziness / recreation); material and utilitarian (wealth and poverty); intellectual and cognitive (intelligence and stupidity); moral and ethical (truth and lies); emotional and utilitarian (laughter and tears); religious (Heaven and Hell).
The scale of the degree of intensity of positive and negative evaluations describing values "using two adjectives common to all mankind "good/bad" is represented in the dissertation study of E. Yu.Guay (2009).
To the base level belong vital values and anti-values that underlie human physiology.The ability to live and the satisfactory health status is a primary condition for the existence of man.
At the median level there are social and utilitarian values and anti-values that are relevant to work.Initially, the work was a prerequisite for human life.Later the people could have some accumulation creating the material and utilitarian values -wealth.
High / low level includes values and anti-values correlated with human intellectual activity, creativity, love, freedom, morality: intellectual-cognitive, hedonistic, moral and ethical.
At the highest / lowest level there are values and anti-values associated with the spiritual culture, faith, world outlook, ideology, patriotism: religious and sacred.Thus, the axiological scale is a conventional hierarchy of values and anti-values prevailing in the society.
The above axiological scale allows to develop a taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the language (see Table 1).
Taxonomic model -"is a hierarchical classification, designed to link all the terms of a given area through regular relations" (Belau, 2009).Taxonomic modeling in line with the cognitive linguistics seeks to provide a structural model of the organization of knowledge about the world in human consciousness.
Taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology includes phraseological units that "have common or specific images, correlated with cultural codes" (Andreyeva et al., 2015).The taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the language is a model which structure is based on axiological hierarchy, reflecting the inter-layer differentiation of values and antivalues represented by axiological phraseology.
Axiological idioms reflect the deep connection between language and culture.Under axiological phraseology we understand idioms that have axiological (value or anti-value) meaning.Axiological idioms "tend to reflect extralinguistic factors of universal, national or local character" (Corrigan, 2009).They carry information about the value orientations of society.They are involved in formation of the world picture of a particular community, passing important axiological information that is universal for the members of society -native speakers.Axiological meaning reflects the comparison of the value of the object with the standards on the scale on which the norms and notions of values and anti-values in the existing society are recorded.

Conclusion
The processes of migration and globalization cause the social and lingua cultural interaction where a foreign language is considered as a connecting link between the society and values.It gives the possibility of forming of students' axiological background through foreign language teaching (Zerkina et al., 2015;Fakhrutdinova et al., 2016;Andreeva et al., 2017).The implementation of axiological approach in teaching foreign language can be successfully realized "if the learning process provides the following pedagogical conditions: formation of students' value attitude to learning a foreign language as a means of intercultural communication; ethical and moral values of native speakers…" (Valeev et al., 2015).
Thus, axiological scale and taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology can be used not only in linguistic axiological research of different languages, but the application of the obtained results in the process of learning foreign languages will help students to place the value priorities correctly.

Table 1 .
Taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology