Scientometric Characteristic of Theses on Criminal Law Defended at the Universities in the Russian Empire ( 1815-1917 )

This study analyzes the works of scientists who defended their theses on criminal law at the universities of the Russian Empire. The chronological scope of the research is limited by the date of defense of the first and the last theses on criminal law which are known to the authors. The territorial scope of this article covers the limits of the Russian Empire.


INTRODUCTION
The relevance of the paper is that in modern legal science there is no generalizing research on criminal law in the master's and doctoral theses of universities of the Russian Empire.At the same time, it should be noted that one of the authors of this article [1], as well as A.D. Makiev [2] studied some issues of crime and punishment in the dissertation research in universities of the Russian Empire.
When studying catalogs of master's theses and doctoral dissertations defended in Russia, prepared by G.G. Krichevsky [4], A.N. Yakushev [5], as well as the Russian State Library [6], it became clear that only 80 candidates out of 590 people who received master and doctoral degrees of laws, defended their theses on criminal law.It is about 14% of the total number of persons who got academic degrees for the period from 1814 to 1918.
Unfortunately, statistics on awarding of academic degrees are represented without Dorpat (Yuryev) University, as scientific specialties [7, c.4] were not spesified in Je.P. Ojssar's dissertation catalog [3].However, the mentioned dissertators defended for a total of 90 theses.
Numerical variation can be explained by the fact that some applicants defended their doctoral dissertation after receiving a master's degree and it took place after a certain period of time.

DISCUSSION
Among 90 already mentioned dissertation research on criminal law, 58 (64%) master's theses and 32 (36%) doctoral dissertations were defended at the Faculties of Law in the Russian Empire.
The first thesis on criminal law was defended in 1815 at Kharkov University by V.F.Titarev ("The Nature of criminal laws").The last dissertation was defended in 1917 in Tartu (Yuryev) University by V.N.Shiryaev ("Bribery and lihodatelstvo in connection with the general doctrine of malfeasance").
As a rule, in the same place where a master's thesis was defended, a doctoral thesis was traditionally defended too (L.E.Among the master's and doctoral theses on criminal law the following main sections [9] can be distinguished thematically: "Criminal Law", "Criminal Procedure", and "Judicial

Statistics".
It is necessary to note that in the pre-revolutionary period Russian science of criminal law as the substantive law had not been separated from the criminal procedure (the formal law) for a long time.Criminal procedure as a form of implementation of criminal law began to develop actively only after the judicial reform in 1864 when Judicial Settlements, Regulations of Civil Proceedings, Regulations of Criminal Proceedings, and Regulations of Punishments were established.
Under the section of "Criminal Law" dissertators researched the following topics [10]: -Criminal policy -3 theses (A.M.Bogdanovsky "Young offenders.The issue of criminal law and criminal policy"; S.K. Gogel "The role of society in the fight against crime"; M.P.
Chubinskiy "Sketches of the criminal policy.The concept, the history and the basic problems of the criminal policy as an integral part of science of criminal law"); -Elements of criminal law -7 theses (S.I.Barshev "Conclusions at the science of jurisprudence"; Y.I.Barshev "Dogmatic and critical interpretation of so-called criminal theories: theses"; S.M. Budzinsky "Elements of criminal law"; G.S. Gordeenko "What is scientific criminal jurisprudence in Russia nowdays?"; G.S. Gordeenko "Analysis of the basic principles of science of criminal law"; V.D. Spasovich "Textbook of criminal law"; V.F.-Certain types of punishment -5 theses (A.F.Kistyakovsky "Investigation of the death penalty"; A.A. Piontkovsky "Probation or trial system"; S.N.Timashev "Probation"; A.G. Timofeev "History of corporal punishment in the Russian law"; I.Y.Fojnitskij "Exile in the West in its historical development and current state"); -The circumstances precluding criminal wrongfulness -2 theses (P.P. Pustoroslev "The concept of essential mob law as the criminal law insitution"; N.N.Rozin "About necessity"); -Exemption from punishment and criminal liability -2 theses (A.A. Piontkovskij "Conditional release"; V.K. Sabler "The significance of statute of limitation in criminal law"); -A crime against dignity and honor -3 theses (M.V. Dukhovskoy "The concept of slander as a crime against individual honor in Russian law"; N. N. Rozin "The defamation"; B.I. Utin "Defamation according to Russian law since the 18th century"); -Crimes against life -1 thesis (N.S. Tagantsev "On crimes against life in Russian law"); -Property crimes -3 theses (I.I.Anosov "Abuse of trust"; V.V. Esipov "Damage to property by fire in Russian law"; I.Y.Fojnitskij "Fraud according to Russian law"; -Crimes against religion -2 theses (S.V. Poznyshev "Religious offense in terms of religious freedom.The reform of our legislation on religious offenses"; V.N.Shirjaev "Religious offenses"); -Crimes against the authorities -4 theses (A.A. Zhizhilenko "Forgery"; V.V. Sokolskij "The offense of the Mint Charter"; G.L. Fogel "About perjury in general and Russian legislation relating to thereof, in particular"; V.N.Shirjaev ("Bribery and lihodatelstvo in connection with the general doctrine of malfeasance"); In the "Criminal Procedure" section the relevant sub-sections can be as follows: -Preventive measures -3 theses (A.F.Kistjakovskij "How to suppress the accused's attempts to evade investigation and trial"; P.I.Ljublinskij "Personal liberty in criminal proceedings.Measures to prevent the justice by accused"; V.V. Mikljashevskij "The way of representation of the accused to the court and preventive methods to evade investigation and trial"); -Participants in criminal proceedings -7 theses (L.E.Vladimirov, "The importance of medical experts in criminal proceedings", L.E.Vladimirov, "Jury trial.The conditions for jury trials actions and the method of evidence development"; A.G. Krivorotov "The essay about the importance of witnesses in criminal proceedings on the principles of Roman and Russian legislation"; I.V. Michajlovskij, "Basic principles of criminal court organization"; V.N.
Palauzov "The form of the peoples' participation in the criminal justice system"; V.N.
Palauzov "Questioning jurors by Russian law"; M.P. Jasinskij "Lithuanian Chief Tribunal, its origin, organization and competence"); It is an interesting fact that in certain cases, the opponents on scientific specialty "Criminal Law" were scientists defended their master's and doctoral theses on other scientific specialty.
In some cases, the opponents were scientists without any degree: K.D. Antsiferov, S.I.

CONCLUSION
Concluding the study on master's and doctoral theses devoted to the criminal law, we summarize some preliminary results: 1) The priority by the number of defended theses on criminal law belonged to the St.
Petersburg (26 diss.) and Moscow (21 diss.)universities; 2) The main problems researched by the candidates for a degree in their works were questions of material and formal law.Among the topical issues of substantive law there were questions on history of development of some criminal law institutions and crime issues.Among the formal law topical issues there were the issues of the participants' institute in criminal proceedings; 3) In the pre-revolutionary period, the scientists had stable scientific relationships on the basis of the same university; Titarev."On the content of criminal laws"); -Research schools of criminal law -5 theses (A.K. Vulfert "Anthropological and positive school of criminal law in Italy" Issue 1; A.K. Vulfert "Anthropological and positive school of criminal law in Italy" Issue 2; M.N.Gernet "Social factors of crime"; D.A. Dril "Juvenile offenders.Study on human crime, its factors and the means to combat it"; G.S. Feldstein "Main currents in the history of science of criminal law in Russia"); -The history of the development of several institutions of criminal law -15 theses (L.S. Belogrits-Kotlyarevsky "On larceny-theft by Russian law"; L.S. Belogrits-Kotlyarevsky "Crimes against religion in the most important countries of the West"; A.M. Bogdanovsky "The development of the concepts of crime and punishment in Russian Law before Peter the Great"; S. O. Bogorodsky "On the philosophy of criminal law of the ancient and new peoples"; N.S.Vlasiev "On the imputation according to the principles and theory of ancient Russian Law"; F.F. Depp "On the punishments existed in Russia before tsar Alexei Mikhailovich"; N.D. Ivanishev "On mulct for the murder in the ancient Russian and other Slavic legislation in comparison with the Germanic «vira»"; P.D. Kolosovsky "An essay on the historical development of crimes against life and health"; I.A. Maksimovich "On the development of the concept of crime in the history of Russian legislation", A.N. Popov "Russkaya pravda in relation to criminal law"; N.A. Palibin "On the nature of Russian criminal laws of Russkaya pravda, Sudebnic, and Ulozhenie"; N.D. Sergeyevsky "Punishment in Russian law of the seventeenth century"; D.G. Thalberg "Forcible theft of property by Russian law (Burglary and robbery)"; A.N. Filippov "On the punishment by the law of Peter the Great, in connection with the Reform"; A.P. Chebyshev-Dmitriev "On the criminal act by Russian pre-Petrine law");-Crime -9 theses (E.N.Efimov "The nature of crime"; A.S. Zhiryaev "On the partisipation of some criminals in the same crime"; G.E. Kolokolov "On complicity in the crime.About complicity, in general and incitement, in particular"; G.E. Kolokolov "The doctrine of assassination"; A. Orlov "The attempt to commit a crime on the principles of science and modern legislation"; P.P. Pustoroslev "Analysis of the concept of crime"; N.V. Ratovsky "On the attempt to commit a crime"; N.S.Tagantsev "Recidivism"; A.P. Chebyshev-Dmitriev "Essays on criminal law.The assassination attempt"); -The objective side of the crime -1 thesis (N.D. Sergeyevsky "The importance of causation" Issue 1: Introduction.The theory of causation and its significance in criminal law, Issue 2: The question of causation in the literature of criminal law); -The subjective side of the crime.The motive and the purpose of committing a crime -3 theses (A.D. Kisiljov "Psychological basis of criminal liability"; G.S. Feldstein "The doctrine of the forms of guilt in criminal law"; M.P. Chubinskij "The motive of criminal activity and its importance in the criminal law"); -Concept and purpose of punishment -4 theses (A.A. Zhizhilenko "Punishment: its concept and distinction from other law enforcement agencies"; S.P. Mokrinskij "Punishment, its goals and assumptions.Part 1: General and special crime prevention; S.P. Mokrinskij "Punishment, its goals and assumptions" Part 2: The value of the result.Part 3: Casual and potential moments of action; S.V. Poznyshev "The main issues of the doctrine of punishment").